Synergistic integration of dual Z-scheme Gd2Sn2O7/Ag3PO4/SnS2 heterojunction for accelerated visible-light photodegradation of sulfasalazine: Insights into DFT, toxicity, and antibacterial study

IF 6.3 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Journal of water process engineering Pub Date : 2025-05-17 DOI:10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.107943

Akash Ashokrao Jagtap , Sanjay Ballur Prasanna , Susaritha Ramanathan , Sandeep Shadakshari , Kumara Swamy Ningappa , Yu-Chien Lin , Xinke Liu , Ching-Wei Tung , Ren-Jei Chung

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Abstract

The persistence of pharmaceutical contaminants sulfasalazine (SSZ) in aquatic environments poses significant ecological risks, necessitating efficient removal strategies. This study integrated novel double-Z-scheme photocatalysts (Gd₂Sn₂O₇/Ag₃PO₄/SnS₂) using a hydrothermal method and subsequently ultrasonicated. The prepared photocatalysts were systematically assessed for photocatalytic efficiency, degradation of sulfasalazine (SSZ), and actuation of persulfate (PS) under visible light. The impact of the initial antibiotic concentration, reaction pH, photocatalyst dosage, and PS concentration on the efficiency of photocatalysis was thoroughly examined. The synergistic action of reactive oxygen species (•OH, ¹O₂, SO₄•⁻) was confirmed through radical quenching and EPR analyses. GC–MS analysis and density functional theory (DFT) suggested potential degradation mechanisms and pathways. Additionally, based on projections from the Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR), the toxicity of the intermediates was evaluated. The photocatalyst achieved 86.47 % SSZ degradation within 70 min under visible light and persulfate (PS) activation, reducing byproduct toxicity as confirmed by QSAR analysis. The nanocomposite was tested under visible light to determine its bactericidal effectiveness toward the pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. This study highlights a scalable solution for antibiotic removal in wastewater, advancing environmental pollution mitigation technologies.

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双Z-scheme Gd2Sn2O7/Ag3PO4/SnS2异质结的协同整合加速了磺胺嘧啶的可见光降解：DFT，毒性和抗菌研究的见解

磺胺吡啶类药物污染物（SSZ）在水生环境中的持久性造成了重大的生态风险，需要有效的去除策略。本研究采用水热法制备了新型双z型光催化剂（Gd2Sn2O7/Ag3PO4/SnS2），并对其进行了超声催化。系统评价了所制备的光催化剂在可见光下的光催化效率、磺胺嘧啶（SSZ）的降解和过硫酸盐（PS）的驱动。考察了初始抗生素浓度、反应pH、光催化剂用量、PS浓度对光催化效率的影响。通过自由基猝灭和EPR分析，证实了活性氧（•OH、10₂、SO₄•−）的协同作用。气相色谱-质谱分析和密度泛函理论（DFT）提出了潜在的降解机制和途径。此外，基于定量构效关系（QSAR）的预测，对中间体的毒性进行了评估。在可见光和过硫酸盐（PS）活化下，该光催化剂在70 min内对SSZ的降解率达到86.47%，并通过QSAR分析证实了副产物毒性的降低。在可见光下测试了纳米复合材料对病原菌大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的杀菌效果。这项研究强调了废水中抗生素去除的可扩展解决方案，推进了环境污染缓解技术。

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来源期刊

Journal of water process engineering Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology-Biotechnology

CiteScore

10.70

自引率

8.60%

发文量

846

审稿时长

24 days

期刊介绍： The Journal of Water Process Engineering aims to publish refereed, high-quality research papers with significant novelty and impact in all areas of the engineering of water and wastewater processing . Papers on advanced and novel treatment processes and technologies are particularly welcome. The Journal considers papers in areas such as nanotechnology and biotechnology applications in water, novel oxidation and separation processes, membrane processes (except those for desalination) , catalytic processes for the removal of water contaminants, sustainable processes, water reuse and recycling, water use and wastewater minimization, integrated/hybrid technology, process modeling of water treatment and novel treatment processes. Submissions on the subject of adsorbents, including standard measurements of adsorption kinetics and equilibrium will only be considered if there is a genuine case for novelty and contribution, for example highly novel, sustainable adsorbents and their use: papers on activated carbon-type materials derived from natural matter, or surfactant-modified clays and related minerals, would not fulfil this criterion. The Journal particularly welcomes contributions involving environmentally, economically and socially sustainable technology for water treatment, including those which are energy-efficient, with minimal or no chemical consumption, and capable of water recycling and reuse that minimizes the direct disposal of wastewater to the aquatic environment. Papers that describe novel ideas for solving issues related to water quality and availability are also welcome, as are those that show the transfer of techniques from other disciplines. The Journal will consider papers dealing with processes for various water matrices including drinking water (except desalination), domestic, urban and industrial wastewaters, in addition to their residues. It is expected that the journal will be of particular relevance to chemical and process engineers working in the field. The Journal welcomes Full Text papers, Short Communications, State-of-the-Art Reviews and Letters to Editors and Case Studies