Piezoelectric-driven self-charging energy storage systems: From fundamental materials to emerging applications

Abstract

With the widespread deployment of fifth-generation mobile communication technologies and cutting-edge microchips, the development of new electronics is undergoing significant transformation, particularly with the emergence of wearable and implantable devices. To address power supply challenges, such devices require adaptable energy systems that can meet their performance demands. Piezoelectric-driven self-charging energy storage systems (PS-ESS) are an emerging integrated energy technology that combines energy conversion and energy storage in a single unit eliminating the need for external charging circuits. As a result, they have garnered considerable attention. PS-ESS can harvest and store mechanical energy from various sources, including, but not limited to, activities like finger tapping, walking, and joint bending, making them promising candidates for powering smart devices. Despite rapid advancements in PS-ESS, a comprehensive review covering the theoretical challenges, engineering obstacles related to materials and device construction, and potential applications is still lacking. In this review, we summarize recent progress in PS-ESS, with a focus on self-charging mechanisms, piezo-component fabrication strategies, and emerging applications in wearable and implantable health-monitoring electronics. Finally, we discuss the challenges that must be addressed to advance PS-ESS technology, as well as future perspectives.