Eco-engineered remediation: Microbial and rhizosphere-based strategies for heavy metal detoxification

IF 3.6 Q2 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY
Arun Karnwal , Gaurav Kumar , Alaa El Din Mahmoud , Joydeep Dutta , Rattandeep Singh , Abdel Rahman Mohammad Said Al-Tawaha , Tabarak Malik
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Heavy metal (HM) contamination significantly threatens ecosystems and human health. This review explores eco-engineered bioremediation strategies, focusing on the pivotal role of rhizosphere-associated microorganisms in detoxifying heavy metals. Rhizobacteria deploy diverse mechanisms—including biosorption, bioaccumulation, biotransformation, and biomineralization—to immobilize or convert toxic metals, with their efficiency strongly influenced by environmental factors such as pH and metal speciation. Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) further enhance phytoremediation by mitigating metal-induced phytotoxicity and promoting plant resilience under stress. Various scalable approaches, including in-situ and ex-situ remediation techniques, biosorbents, microbial consortia, and genetically engineered microbes (GEMs), show promising potential but raise essential ecological and regulatory concerns. Key challenges such as scalability, environmental variability, and the possible formation of toxic intermediates must be carefully addressed. Advances in omics technologies and a deeper exploration of native microbial communities offer promising avenues to optimize bioremediation outcomes. Moreover, a detailed understanding of plant–microbe interactions and the role of secondary metabolite signalling in the rhizosphere is essential to improve remediation efficiency. Future strategies should prioritize the application of functional genomics, developing bioinoculants tailored to specific environmental conditions, and implementing robust ecological risk assessments for GEMs. This review underscores the need for a multidisciplinary approach- integrating microbial ecology, plant sciences, and environmental engineering- to drive the development of sustainable, effective HM remediation technologies worldwide.
生态工程修复:基于微生物和根际的重金属解毒策略
重金属污染严重威胁着生态系统和人类健康。本文综述了生态工程生物修复策略,重点介绍了根际相关微生物在重金属解毒中的关键作用。根细菌利用多种机制——包括生物吸附、生物积累、生物转化和生物矿化——来固定或转化有毒金属,其效率受到pH和金属形态等环境因素的强烈影响。植物促生长根瘤菌(Plant growth promoting Rhizobacteria, PGPR)通过减轻金属诱导的植物毒性和促进植物在逆境下的恢复能力,进一步增强植物的修复能力。各种可扩展的方法,包括原位和非原位修复技术、生物吸附剂、微生物联合体和基因工程微生物(GEMs),显示出有希望的潜力,但引起了基本的生态和监管问题。关键的挑战,如可扩展性、环境可变性和有毒中间体的可能形成,必须仔细解决。组学技术的进步和对原生微生物群落的深入探索为优化生物修复结果提供了有希望的途径。此外,详细了解植物与微生物的相互作用以及根际次生代谢物信号的作用对于提高修复效率至关重要。未来的战略应优先考虑功能基因组学的应用,开发适合特定环境条件的生物接种剂,并对GEMs实施强有力的生态风险评估。这篇综述强调了需要一个多学科的方法-整合微生物生态学,植物科学和环境工程-推动可持续的,有效的HM修复技术在世界范围内的发展。
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来源期刊
Current Research in Biotechnology
Current Research in Biotechnology Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology-Biotechnology
CiteScore
6.70
自引率
3.60%
发文量
50
审稿时长
38 days
期刊介绍: Current Research in Biotechnology (CRBIOT) is a new primary research, gold open access journal from Elsevier. CRBIOT publishes original papers, reviews, and short communications (including viewpoints and perspectives) resulting from research in biotechnology and biotech-associated disciplines. Current Research in Biotechnology is a peer-reviewed gold open access (OA) journal and upon acceptance all articles are permanently and freely available. It is a companion to the highly regarded review journal Current Opinion in Biotechnology (2018 CiteScore 8.450) and is part of the Current Opinion and Research (CO+RE) suite of journals. All CO+RE journals leverage the Current Opinion legacy-of editorial excellence, high-impact, and global reach-to ensure they are a widely read resource that is integral to scientists' workflow.
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