{"title":"Neuroprotective effects of <i>Saccharomyces boulardii</i> and bacterial probiotics in a rotenone-Induced rat model of Parkinson's disease.","authors":"Eda Duygu Ipek, Hulki Basaloglu","doi":"10.5603/fm.104808","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Recent evidence suggests that Parkinson's disease (PD) may originate in the gut and impact the central nervous system via the gut-brain axis, highlighting the significance of the gut microbiome. This study explores the neuroprotective potential of probiotics and their impact on CD163 expression in muscularis macrophages in a rat model of rotenone-induced PD.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Forty-eight rats were divided into six groups: control, vehicle control, and PD induced by rotenone consisting of positive control (rotenone only), a yeast probiotic group (25 mg/kg Saccharomyces boulardii), a bacterial probiotic group (10⁹/cfu/day probiotics mixture), and a combined yeast-bacterial probiotic group (25 mg/kg Saccharomyces boulardii, 10⁹/cfu/day probiotics mixture). We performed motor evaluations, tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry, stereological neuron counting in the hippocampus and cerebellum, and analyzed CD163 expression in muscularis macrophages via flow cytometry. The obtained data were statistically analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Rotenone-treated groups exhibited severe motor dysfunctions. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the corpus striatum was lower in all rotenone-treated groups but it was higher in those with probiotic supplementation than in the positive control group. Rotenone caused degenerative changes in hippocampal pyramidal neurons, while probiotics demonstrated neuroprotective effects. CD163 expression in muscularis macrophages was significantly increased in the rotenone-treated groups compared to the control and vehicle control group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings suggest that probiotics mitigate rotenone-induced neurodegeneration by preserving dopaminergic neurons and modulating gut-immune interactions. Determining the phenotypic characterization of muscularis macrophages is essential and their relationship with the microbiome may play significant role in neurodegenerative diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2000,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Folia morphologica","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.104808","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Background: Recent evidence suggests that Parkinson's disease (PD) may originate in the gut and impact the central nervous system via the gut-brain axis, highlighting the significance of the gut microbiome. This study explores the neuroprotective potential of probiotics and their impact on CD163 expression in muscularis macrophages in a rat model of rotenone-induced PD.
Materials and methods: Forty-eight rats were divided into six groups: control, vehicle control, and PD induced by rotenone consisting of positive control (rotenone only), a yeast probiotic group (25 mg/kg Saccharomyces boulardii), a bacterial probiotic group (10⁹/cfu/day probiotics mixture), and a combined yeast-bacterial probiotic group (25 mg/kg Saccharomyces boulardii, 10⁹/cfu/day probiotics mixture). We performed motor evaluations, tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry, stereological neuron counting in the hippocampus and cerebellum, and analyzed CD163 expression in muscularis macrophages via flow cytometry. The obtained data were statistically analyzed.
Results: Rotenone-treated groups exhibited severe motor dysfunctions. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the corpus striatum was lower in all rotenone-treated groups but it was higher in those with probiotic supplementation than in the positive control group. Rotenone caused degenerative changes in hippocampal pyramidal neurons, while probiotics demonstrated neuroprotective effects. CD163 expression in muscularis macrophages was significantly increased in the rotenone-treated groups compared to the control and vehicle control group.
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that probiotics mitigate rotenone-induced neurodegeneration by preserving dopaminergic neurons and modulating gut-immune interactions. Determining the phenotypic characterization of muscularis macrophages is essential and their relationship with the microbiome may play significant role in neurodegenerative diseases.
期刊介绍：
"Folia Morphologica" is an official journal of the Polish Anatomical Society (a Constituent Member of European Federation for Experimental Morphology - EFEM). It contains original articles and reviews on morphology in the broadest sense (descriptive, experimental, and methodological). Papers dealing with practical application of morphological research to clinical problems may also be considered. Full-length papers as well as short research notes can be submitted. Descriptive papers dealing with non-mammals, cannot be accepted for publication with some exception.
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号
