The virulence toolkit of Staphylococcus aureus: a comprehensive review of toxin diversity, molecular mechanisms, and clinical implications.

IF 3.7 3区医学 Q2 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases Pub Date : 2025-05-05 DOI:10.1007/s10096-025-05148-y

Stefano Di Bella, Bruna Marini, Giacomo Stroffolini, Nicholas Geremia, Daniele Roberto Giacobbe, Floriana Campanile, Michele Bartoletti, Giulia Alloisio, Ludovica Di Risio, Giulia Viglietti, Luigi Principe, Venera Costantino, Marina Busetti, Verena Zerbato, Filippo Mearelli, Gianni Biolo, Alessio Nunnari, Claudia Maria Cafiero, Alessandra di Masi

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Purpose: This review examines the pathogenic mechanisms of Staphylococcus aureus, emphasizing its toxin-driven virulence factors, including pore-forming toxins, exfoliative toxins, and superantigens.

Methods: This paper was conducted using the available literature (PubMed/MEDLINE/Google Scholar and books written by experts in pharmacology and infectious diseases).

Results: Toxins are crucial in promoting tissue invasion, immune system evasion, and the development of systemic diseases. Notably, the qualitative and quantitative expression of these toxins influences the clinical presentation and severity of S. aureus infections. The paper explores toxins' role in S. aureus pathogenesis and clinical manifestations as well as current and emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting these toxins, including antibiotics, monoclonal antibodies, and anti-inflammatory treatments. Additionally, it highlights the potential of novel inhibitors and vaccines to neutralize specific toxins and prevent toxin-mediated diseases.

Conclusion: By combining antimicrobial therapies with approaches that neutralize toxins and modulate the immune response, clinicians can improve outcomes in patients affected by S. aureus infections.

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金黄色葡萄球菌的毒力工具箱：毒素多样性、分子机制和临床意义的综合综述。

目的：本文综述了金黄色葡萄球菌的致病机制，重点介绍了其毒素驱动的毒力因子，包括成孔毒素、剥脱毒素和超抗原。方法：利用现有文献（PubMed/MEDLINE/谷歌Scholar以及药理学和传染病专家著述）进行研究。结果：毒素在促进组织入侵、免疫系统逃避和全身性疾病的发展中起着至关重要的作用。值得注意的是，这些毒素的定性和定量表达影响金黄色葡萄球菌感染的临床表现和严重程度。本文探讨了毒素在金黄色葡萄球菌发病机制和临床表现中的作用，以及目前和新兴的针对这些毒素的治疗策略，包括抗生素、单克隆抗体和抗炎治疗。此外，它还强调了新型抑制剂和疫苗在中和特定毒素和预防毒素介导的疾病方面的潜力。结论：通过将抗菌药物治疗与中和毒素和调节免疫反应的方法相结合，临床医生可以改善金黄色葡萄球菌感染患者的预后。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 医学-传染病学

CiteScore

10.40

自引率

2.20%

发文量

138

审稿时长

1 months

期刊介绍： EJCMID is an interdisciplinary journal devoted to the publication of communications on infectious diseases of bacterial, viral and parasitic origin.