Wearable face mask-attached disposable printed sensor arrays for point-of-need monitoring of alkaline gases in breath.

Abstract

Blood sampling, despite its historical significance in clinical diagnostics, poses challenges, such as invasiveness, infection risks, and limited temporal fidelity for continuous monitoring. In contrast, exhaled breath offers a noninvasive, pain-free, and continuous sampling method, carrying biochemical information through volatile compounds like ammonia (NH₃). NH₃ in exhaled breath, influenced by kidney function, emerges as a promising biomarker for renal health assessment, particularly in resource-limited settings lacking extensive healthcare infrastructure. Current analytical methods for breath NH₃, though effective, often face practical limitations. In this work, we introduce a low-cost, internet-connected, paper-based wearable device for measuring exhaled NH₃, designed for early detection of kidney dysfunction at the point of need. The device, which attaches to disposable face masks, utilizes an array of disposable paper-based sensors to detect NH₃ with the readout being changes in electrical impedance that correlate with the concentration of NH₃. The sensor array is housed in a biodegradable plastic enclosure to mitigate high relative humidity issues in breath analysis. We validated our technology using a laboratory setup and human subjects who consumed ammonium chloride-containing candy to simulate elevated breath NH₃. Our wearable sensor offers a promising solution for rapid, point-of-need kidney dysfunction screening, particularly valuable in resource-limited settings. This approach has potential applications beyond kidney health monitoring, including chemical industry safety and environmental sensing, paving the way for accessible, continuous health monitoring.