A Narrative Review on Multimodal Spinal Anesthesia: Old Technique and New Use.

Abstract

Spinal anesthesia has a long history in providing safe and effective anesthesia and analgesia. Its continuous evolution in block placement techniques with or without ultrasound assistance, options of spinal needles, local anesthetics and adjuvants adopted based on spinal anesthesia onset rate, duration of action, and side effect profiles, makes spinal anesthesia an important modality in current early recovery after surgery for a broad-spectrum of surgical procedures including ambulatory lower extremity orthopedic procedures and major chest, abdominal, and spine surgeries.