Structural biology of Nipah virus G and F glycoproteins: Insights into therapeutic and vaccine development.

Mohd Zulkifli Salleh
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Abstract

Nipah virus (NiV), a highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxovirus, poses a significant public health threat due to its high mortality rate and potential for human-to-human transmission. The attachment (G) and fusion (F) glycoproteins play pivotal roles in viral entry and host-cell fusion, making them prime targets for therapeutic and vaccine development. Recent advances in structural biology have provided high-resolution insights into the molecular architecture and functional dynamics of these glycoproteins, revealing key epitopes and domains essential for neutralizing antibody responses. The G glycoprotein's head domain and the prefusion F ectodomain have emerged as focal points for vaccine design, with multivalent display strategies showing promise in enhancing immunogenicity and breadth of protection. Structural studies have also informed the development of monoclonal antibodies like m102.4, offering potential post-exposure therapies. Additionally, insights from cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography have facilitated the design of structure-based inhibitors and next-generation vaccines, including nanoparticle and multi-epitope formulations. This review highlights recent structural findings on the NiV G and F glycoproteins, their implications for therapeutic strategies, and the challenges in developing effective and targeted interventions. A deeper understanding of these glycoproteins will be crucial for advancing NiV-specific therapeutics and vaccines, ultimately enhancing global preparedness against future outbreaks.

尼帕病毒G和F糖蛋白的结构生物学:对治疗和疫苗开发的见解。
尼帕病毒是一种高致病性人畜共患副粘病毒,由于其高死亡率和人际传播的可能性,对公共卫生构成重大威胁。附着糖蛋白(G)和融合糖蛋白(F)在病毒进入和宿主细胞融合中起关键作用,使其成为治疗和疫苗开发的主要靶点。结构生物学的最新进展为这些糖蛋白的分子结构和功能动力学提供了高分辨率的见解,揭示了中和抗体反应所必需的关键表位和结构域。G糖蛋白的头部结构域和预融合F结构域已成为疫苗设计的焦点,多价展示策略在增强免疫原性和保护广度方面显示出希望。结构研究也为m102.4等单克隆抗体的开发提供了信息,提供了潜在的暴露后治疗方法。此外,低温电子显微镜和x射线晶体学的见解促进了基于结构的抑制剂和下一代疫苗的设计,包括纳米颗粒和多表位配方。这篇综述强调了最近关于NiV G和F糖蛋白的结构发现,它们对治疗策略的影响,以及开发有效和有针对性的干预措施所面临的挑战。更深入地了解这些糖蛋白对于推进niv特异性治疗和疫苗至关重要,最终加强全球对未来疫情的防范。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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