Optimization of Postoperative Opioids Use Following Spine Surgery.

Abstract

Purpose of review: The present investigation evaluated the use of opioids for postoperative pain relief in spinal surgery patients.

Recent findings: Pain management is a crucial component of postoperative care that greatly impacts patient outcomes. Postoperative pain management has been shown to allow for earlier mobility, discharge, and return to normal life. Opioids are the standard treatment for postoperative pharmacologic pain relief, but they are associated with the same adverse effects that pain management strives to mitigate. Opioids are associated with a large side effect profile, including a higher risk of various postoperative complications. Opioids are potentially highly addictive and postoperative use is associated with dependence, tolerance, and the current opioid epidemic. Some studies indicate that there are similar surgical outcomes amongst patients independent of whether opioids were prescribed opioids for pain relief.

Conclusion: Opioids should only be recommended for postoperative pain management under strict guidance and supervision from physicians. All 50 states have acute pain guidelines in place limiting opioid prescribing. One of the strategies of reducing postoperative opioid consumption is the emphasis on opioid alternatives that should be actively considered and explored prior to resorting to opioids. There are pharmacological and non-pharmacological options available for pain relief that can provide similar levels of analgesia as prescription opioid without unwanted effects such as tolerance and dependency. Proper assessment of patient history and risk factors can aid physicians in tailoring a pain management regimen that is appropriate for each individual patient. More research into efficacy and safety of alternative treatments to opioids is warranted.