Variation in adult sex ratios in tetrapods is linked to sex chromosomes through mortality differences between males and females.

IF 9.8 1区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Ivett Pipoly, Veronika Bókony, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Jean-François Lemaître, Tamás Székely, András Liker
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Abstract

Sex chromosomes can determine male and female phenotypes, and the resulting sex differences may have significant impacts on ecology and life history. One manifestation of this link is that ZW/ZZ sex-determination systems are associated with more male-skewed adult sex ratio (ASR, proportion of males in the adult population) than XX/XY systems across tetrapods (amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals). Here, we investigate four demographic processes: male and female offspring production, sex differences in juvenile and adult mortalities and in timing of maturation that can contribute to ASR variation between XX/XY and ZW/ZZ systems, using phylogenetic analyses of a large dataset collected from tetrapod species in the wild. We show that sex differences in adult mortality reliably predict ASR that is also more male-biased in XX/XY species than in ZW/ZZ species. Sex differences in juvenile mortality and in maturation time also contribute to ASR skews, but do not differ consistently between XX/XY and ZW/ZZ systems. Phylogenetic path analyses confirm an influence of sex-determination system on ASR through sex-biased adult mortalities. Together these results infer that sex chromosomes can impact, via demographic pathways, frequency-dependent selection emerging from the relative number of males and females. We call for follow-up studies to uncover the potentially complex web of associations between sex determination, population dynamics, and social behavior.

四足动物成年性别比的变化通过雄性和雌性之间的死亡率差异与性染色体有关。
性染色体可以决定雄性和雌性表型,由此产生的性别差异可能对生态和生活史产生重大影响。这种联系的一个表现是,在四足动物(两栖动物、爬行动物、鸟类和哺乳动物)中,与XX/XY系统相比,ZW/ZZ性别决定系统与更多的雄性倾斜的成年性别比例(ASR,成年群体中雄性的比例)相关。在这里,我们研究了四个人口统计学过程:雄性和雌性后代的生产,幼崽和成年动物死亡率的性别差异以及成熟时间的差异,这些都可能导致XX/XY和ZW/ZZ系统之间的ASR差异,使用了从野生四足动物物种收集的大型数据集进行系统发育分析。我们发现,成人死亡率的性别差异可靠地预测了XX/XY物种比ZW/ZZ物种更偏向于男性的ASR。幼鱼死亡率和成熟时间的性别差异也导致ASR偏差,但XX/XY和ZW/ZZ系统之间的差异并不一致。系统发育路径分析通过性别偏倚的成人死亡率证实了性别决定系统对ASR的影响。综上所述,这些结果推断性染色体可以通过人口统计学途径影响相对数量的男性和女性的频率依赖性选择。我们呼吁进行后续研究,以揭示性别决定、种群动态和社会行为之间潜在的复杂联系。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
PLoS Biology
PLoS Biology BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY-BIOLOGY
CiteScore
15.40
自引率
2.00%
发文量
359
审稿时长
3-8 weeks
期刊介绍: PLOS Biology is the flagship journal of the Public Library of Science (PLOS) and focuses on publishing groundbreaking and relevant research in all areas of biological science. The journal features works at various scales, ranging from molecules to ecosystems, and also encourages interdisciplinary studies. PLOS Biology publishes articles that demonstrate exceptional significance, originality, and relevance, with a high standard of scientific rigor in methodology, reporting, and conclusions. The journal aims to advance science and serve the research community by transforming research communication to align with the research process. It offers evolving article types and policies that empower authors to share the complete story behind their scientific findings with a diverse global audience of researchers, educators, policymakers, patient advocacy groups, and the general public. PLOS Biology, along with other PLOS journals, is widely indexed by major services such as Crossref, Dimensions, DOAJ, Google Scholar, PubMed, PubMed Central, Scopus, and Web of Science. Additionally, PLOS Biology is indexed by various other services including AGRICOLA, Biological Abstracts, BIOSYS Previews, CABI CAB Abstracts, CABI Global Health, CAPES, CAS, CNKI, Embase, Journal Guide, MEDLINE, and Zoological Record, ensuring that the research content is easily accessible and discoverable by a wide range of audiences.
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