Action and mechanisms of neferine in inflammatory diseases (Review).

Abstract

Neferine is a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid derived from the seed embryo of Nelumbo nucifera, a traditional Chinese medicine. It has been extensively studied for its therapeutic potential in various disease models. Extensive research has highlighted its diverse pharmacological activities, including antitumor, anti‑inflammatory, anti‑fibrosis, anti‑oxidative stress, anti‑platelet aggregation and anti‑arrhythmic effects. The present review, however, focuses on the anti‑inflammatory properties of neferine, emphasizing its fundamental mechanisms as demonstrated in both in vivo and in vitro studies. By critically evaluating its effect on inflammation and the underlying pathways, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the potential of neferine in the management of inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, it seeks to establish a foundational framework for the future development of neferine as a novel therapeutic agent for inflammatory conditions.