Optimizing insecticide timings for the grape mealybug, Pseudococcus maritimus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) based on pheromone trap capture data.

Stephen O Onayemi, Diego F Rincon, Brian W Bahder, David W Crowder, Doug B Walsh
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Abstract

In agricultural systems, insect pest populations are often assessed using traps to survey adults, as adults are mobile and attracted to volatiles. While immature stages of insects (nymphs, larvae) are often most damaging, they can be difficult to sample, and management decisions targeting immatures must be based on adult sampling. For some insect pests, such as the grape mealybug (Pseudococcus maritimus), pheromone trap observations of adults occur too late to warn growers about pest risk, since overwintering first-instar nymphs are the dominant stage that transmits grape leafroll-associated viruses. Here, we propose a method to determine the time when insecticide applications will be most effective to control first-instar grape mealybug nymphs, based on the alignment between a modeled progression of life stages across degree days and pheromone trap capture data. We used literature to build a grape mealybug phenology simulation model and a 6-yr dataset of grape mealybug males captured in pheromone traps to infer the time when most virus-transmitting nymphs have hatched and are susceptible to insecticides. Our results show it is unlikely that most overwintering first-instar grape mealybugs occur in early spring, and that insecticides aimed at preventing grape leafroll-associated viruses transmission should occur by late autumn. Our study suggests that results from laboratory studies and field observations can be integrated to optimize insecticide application timing for a key vector pest species.

基于信息素捕获数据的葡萄粉蚧海洋假球菌(半翅目:假球虫科)的优化用药时机。
在农业系统中,通常使用诱捕器对成虫进行调查,以评估害虫种群,因为成虫是流动的,容易被挥发物吸引。虽然未成熟阶段的昆虫(若虫、幼虫)通常是最具破坏性的,但它们很难取样,针对未成熟阶段的管理决策必须基于成虫取样。对于某些害虫,如葡萄粉蚧(海洋假球菌),信息素诱捕器对成虫的观察为时已晚,无法向种植者警告害虫风险,因为越冬的一龄若虫是传播葡萄叶卷相关病毒的主要阶段。在这里,我们提出了一种方法来确定杀虫剂的应用将是最有效的控制一龄葡萄粉蚧若虫的时间,基于跨度天的生命阶段的发展和信息素陷阱捕获数据之间的一致性。我们利用文献建立了葡萄粉蚧物候模拟模型和信息素诱捕器捕获的6年葡萄粉蚧雄性数据集,以推断大多数传播病毒的若虫孵化和对杀虫剂敏感的时间。我们的研究结果表明,大多数一龄葡萄粉蚧不太可能在早春越冬,而旨在防止葡萄叶卷相关病毒传播的杀虫剂应该在深秋之前出现。我们的研究表明,可以将实验室研究和现场观测结果结合起来,以优化一种关键病媒害虫的施用时间。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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