Biomaterial-based chitosan nanohydrogel films: combination of Bistorta officinalis and Ca-doped carbon dots for improved blood clotting.

Abstract

Background: Bleeding and traumatic injuries are still a major issue necessitating the development of advanced hemostatic materials that are economical, biocompatible, and effective. Chitosan's (CS) haemostatic and biocompatible properties make it a promising wound-healing material, however, effective cross-linking is essential for appropriate physiochemical properties. In this study, calcium-doped carbon dots (CDs) produced from coriander leaves were used as cross-linking agents to improve the functional performance and structural integrity of nanohydrogel films. Furthermore, extract of the medicinal plant Bistorta officinalis (BEX), a traditional medicinal plant with strong hemostatic and antibacterial qualities, was incorporated into the hydrogel matrix.

Results: Analysis and characterization of the synthesized CDs thoroughly confirmed that they have monodispersed spherical shape, negative zeta potential, and active functional groups which effectively cross-linked the chitosan matrix and increased the mechanical strength and stability of the film. Cytotoxicity and antibacterial results of the final films showed the desired cytocompatibility against Human skin fibroblast (HFF-1 cells) with over 80% viability at the highest concentration and effective antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (further improved by cross-linking with CDs and incorporating BEX), respectively. The incorporation of BEX and CDs in hydrogel films significantly enhanced the film's blood-clotting ability with negligible hemolysis due to blood clotting index and hemolysis tests.

Conclusions: The findings of this study highlight the potential of biomaterial-based nano hydrogel film, composed of CS cross-linked with CDs and containing BEX, as a promising wound dressing with outstanding biocompatibility, minimal cytotoxicity, enhanced hemostatic efficacy, and strong antibacterial properties.