I can't hear you: effects of noise on auditory processing in mixed-species flocks.

Abstract

Animals have evolved complex auditory systems to extract acoustic information from natural environmental noise, yet they are challenged by rising levels of novel anthropogenic noise. Songbirds adjust their vocal production in response to increasing noise, but auditory processing of signals in noise remains understudied. Auditory processing characteristics, including auditory filter bandwidth, filter efficiency and critical ratios (level-independent signal-to-noise ratios at threshold), likely influence auditory and behavioral responses to noise. Here, we investigated the effects of noise on auditory processing in three songbird species (black-capped chickadees, tufted titmice and white-breasted nuthatches) that live in mixed-species flocks and rely on heterospecific communication to coordinate mobbing behaviors. We determined masked thresholds and critical ratios from 1 to 4 kHz using auditory evoked potentials. We predicted that nuthatches would have the lowest critical ratios given that they have narrowest filters, followed by titmice and then chickadees. We found that nuthatches had the greatest sensitivity in quiet conditions, but the highest critical ratios, suggesting their auditory sensitivity is highly susceptible to noise. Titmice had the lowest critical ratios, suggesting relatively minor impacts of noise on their auditory processing. This is not consistent with predictions based on auditory filter bandwidth, but is consistent with both recent behavioral findings and predictions made by auditory filter efficiency measures. Detrimental effects of noise were most prevalent in the 2-4 kHz range, frequencies produced in vocalizations. Our results using the critical ratio as a measure of processing in noise suggest that low levels of anthropogenic noise may influence these three species differently.