Immune checkpoint inhibitors plus anti-angiogenesis in patients with resected high-risk hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma.

Abstract

Background: Currently, there is a lack of effective adjuvant therapies for patients at high-risk of recurrent hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV-HCC) after radical resection. Given the efficacy of anti-programmed death 1/anti-programmed death ligand 1 plus anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor agents in advanced HCC, we conducted this study to investigate the efficacy of this combination regimen in the postoperative adjuvant treatment of patients with HBV-HCC.

Aim: To evaluate the value of postoperative combined therapy (PCT) with anti-programmed death 1/anti-programmed death ligand 1 and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor agents in patients with HBV-HCC.

Methods: Patients with HBV-HCC who underwent radical resection surgery at Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University between July 2020 and April 2023 were included. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival were assessed using propensity score matching and inverse probability of treatment weighting. Cox regression analysis was used to identify factors affecting recurrence, and subgroup analysis was conducted to investigate the impact of medications on different populations. Treatment-related adverse events and liver function measurements were evaluated.

Results: A total of 150 patients were recruited, of whom 30 underwent PCT and 120 did not. After adjusting for confounders, patients who underwent PCT had better RFS at 6 and 12 months than those who did not (P > 0.05). Similar results were observed in the Kaplan-Meier curves after propensity score matching or inverse probability of treatment weighting, although the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). A maximum diameter of > 5 cm, vascular invasion, satellite nodules, and high gamma-glutamyl transferase levels were independent risk factors for recurrence (P < 0.05). No significant interaction effects were observed in subgroup analyses. The most prevalent adverse event was hypertension (66.7%). PCT was associated with an increased risk of hepatic impairment which may predict RFS rates (P = 0.041).

Conclusion: The recurrence rate was not significantly reduced in patients who underwent PCT. Hepatic impairment during treatment may indicate recurrence, and close monitoring of liver function and HBV infection is recommended.