[The role of nutrition in the prevention of bone metabolism disturbances in high performance sports].

Abstract

Modern professional sports activities are characterized by high training and competitive loads, which are a factor affecting bone metabolism and leading to an increase in injuries, including due to osteoporotic disorders. Nutrition can be classified as a modifiable factor that determines the development and maintenance of bone mass and quality. Correction of athlete's nutrition is an important mechanism aimed at preventing disorders of bone metabolism in elite sports in order to reduce the risk of injuries of the musculoskeletal system. The aim of the research was to analyze modern scientific publications devoted to the influence of the diet of adult athletes over 18 years of age on the maintenance of bone metabolism. Material and methods. The review is based on publications from the PubMed, Google Scholar, Cyberleninka, eLIBRARY databases. Preference was given to international recommendations published over the past 10 years in refereed sources. Results. The review presents current data on the role of nutrition in maintaining the quantity and quality of bone mass, given that the process of skeletal formation requires an adequate and constant supply of macro- and micronutrients: protein, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, vitamin D, zinc, iron, vitamins A, C, K, E, B vitamins, ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. An important place is given to nutrition balanced in macronutrient composition, designed taking into account energy needs that increase with intense physical activity, which is especially important given the negative impact of limited energy intake on bone metabolism, up to the development of osteoporosis. It is recommended to evaluate the athlete's diet to determine whether he or she is consuming sufficient amounts of essential nutrients that have a positive effect on bone metabolism, taking into account systematic physical activity. If necessary, it is recommended to introduce fortified foods and dietary supplements into the athletes' diet to increase its nutritional value. Conclusion. A balanced diet rich in vitamins, minerals and trace elements, aimed at preventing a de crease in bone mineral density, is necessary for an athlete throughout the entire period of professional activity, in some cases in combination with vitamin D, magnesium, calcium and phosphorus intake.