A Systematic Review of Spectroscopic Techniques for Detecting Milk Adulteration.

Abstract

Milk adulteration is a crucial worldwide concern that endangers food safety and public health, as it involves the deliberate tampering with milk by adding foreign substances or removing essential nutrients, often to boost profits or hinder microbial growth. Traditional detection methods frequently lack the sensitivity and speed required to identify adulterants within milk's complex matrix. This systematic review critically examines the application of spectroscopic techniques for detecting milk adulteration, focusing on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy, Raman Spectroscopy, Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy, Mass Spectrometry, Laser-Based Techniques, Dielectric Spectroscopy, and X-Ray Spectroscopy. Each technique's principles, advantages, limitations, and specific applications in identifying adulterants, such as water, urea, melamine, added sugars, fats, preservatives, and heavy metals are discussed. The review highlights how these methods offer rapid, non-destructive, and sensitive analysis, enhancing the ability to detect adulterants at molecular levels. Despite advancements, challenges persist, including the complexity and natural variability of milk composition, high costs of advanced equipment, need for specialized expertise, and lack of standardized protocols. Future directions emphasize developing portable and cost-effective spectroscopic devices, integrating artificial intelligence and machine learning for advanced data analysis, and fostering international collaboration to establish standardized methodologies and comprehensive spectral databases. By addressing these challenges, spectroscopic techniques can be more widely implemented, ultimately safeguarding public health, ensuring the integrity of dairy products, and maintaining consumer trust in the global food supply chain.