Differential modulation of freezing and 22-kHz USVs by shock intensity, tone-duration matching, and anxiety levels in rodent fear-conditioning paradigms.

IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
Benhuiyuan Zheng, Jiaojiao Rao, Lili Bao, Delin Yu, Bin Yin
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Abstract

The concept of fear in animals, particularly its manifestation and measurement, remains a focal point in psychological research. This study builds on the systematic review and meta-analysis work of Bao et al. (Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 157: 105537, 2024), which posits that freezing behavior and 22-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) may represent objective and subjective fear states in rodents, respectively. We further investigated how these responses are modulated by shock intensity, tone-duration matching, and individual anxiety levels in rodent fear-conditioning paradigms. Experiment 1 manipulated shock intensity during fear learning and tone-duration matching between learning and cue tests, revealing that while freezing behavior was consistent across conditions, 22-kHz USVs varied significantly and appeared later than freezing. This divergence was more pronounced in fear generalization tests. Experiment 2 explored the response differences in rodents with high and low anxiety, demonstrating that highly anxious individuals exhibited more 22-kHz USVs but not increased freezing during cue tests. These findings suggest that while freezing may reflect automatic defensive reactions, 22-kHz USVs are more indicative of rodents' cognitive appraisal and their subjective experience of fear. This distinction provides valuable insights that could improve the translation of animal fear models to human psychiatric conditions related to fear and anxiety.

在啮齿动物的恐惧条件反射范例中,电击强度、音长匹配和焦虑水平对冻结和22 khz usv的差异调制。
动物恐惧的概念,特别是它的表现和测量,仍然是心理学研究的焦点。本研究建立在Bao等人(Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 157: 105537, 2024)的系统综述和元分析工作的基础上,该研究假设冻结行为和22 khz超声波发声(usv)可能分别代表啮齿动物的客观和主观恐惧状态。我们进一步研究了在啮齿动物恐惧条件反射范式中,这些反应是如何被电击强度、音调-持续时间匹配和个体焦虑水平调节的。实验1操纵恐惧学习时的电击强度以及学习和线索测试之间的音调-持续时间匹配,结果表明,尽管冻结行为在不同条件下是一致的,但22 khz usv差异显著,出现时间晚于冻结。这种差异在恐惧泛化测试中更为明显。实验2探讨了高焦虑和低焦虑啮齿动物的反应差异,发现高焦虑个体在线索测试中表现出更多的22 khz usv,但没有增加冻结。这些发现表明,虽然冻结可能反映了自动防御反应,但22 khz usv更能表明啮齿动物的认知评估和他们对恐惧的主观体验。这种区别提供了有价值的见解,可以改善动物恐惧模型对人类精神疾病的翻译,这些疾病与恐惧和焦虑有关。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Learning & Behavior
Learning & Behavior 医学-动物学
CiteScore
2.90
自引率
5.60%
发文量
50
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: Learning & Behavior publishes experimental and theoretical contributions and critical reviews concerning fundamental processes of learning and behavior in nonhuman and human animals. Topics covered include sensation, perception, conditioning, learning, attention, memory, motivation, emotion, development, social behavior, and comparative investigations.
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