Anatomy and development of the pediatric knee: what do we know so far?

Abstract

Purpose of review: Understanding the normal anatomy and development of the pediatric knee is crucial due to its structural complexity and significant changes over time. This review covers current knowledge of various anatomical structures of the knee and provides insights into differentiating normal development from their variations.

Recent findings: Recent literature highlights advancements in imaging techniques for assessing bone age and skeletal maturity. Knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as a promising alternative to traditional X-rays, based on key features visible on standard MRI that demonstrate a predictable ossification pattern. However, further validation may be required. Studies have explored the morphologic development of the knee, including the different components, physis and vascularity. Several studies have aimed to elucidate the physiology of normal variants of development, though the etiology of many conditions remains unknown.

Summary: The findings emphasize the importance of accurate interpretation and detailed knowledge of developmental changes in the pediatric knee. Improved imaging techniques and understanding of normal variants are essential for distinguishing between benign developmental changes and pathological conditions.