Global, regional, and national burden of Visceral leishmaniasis, 1990-2021: findings from the global burden of disease study 2021.

IF 3 2区医学 Q1 PARASITOLOGY

Parasites & Vectors Pub Date : 2025-04-26 DOI:10.1186/s13071-025-06796-x

Shun-Xian Zhang, Guo-Bing Yang, Jian-Yong Sun, Yong-Jun Li, Jian Yang, Ji-Chun Wang, Yao Deng

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background: Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne parasitic disease caused by protozoa of the Leishmania genus; it is transmitted through the bites of infected phlebotomine sandflies. Clinically, it manifests in three primary forms: cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Among these, VL represents the most severe form, characterized by high morbidity and mortality, and poses a considerable public health burden, particularly in endemic regions. This study utilizes data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2021 to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the global epidemiological trends and burden of VL from 1990 to 2021, aiming to generate evidence-based insights to inform prevention and control strategies.

Methods: Using GBD 2021 data, this study examined trends in the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of VL across 204 countries and territories, stratified by age, sex, and sociodemographic index (SDI) levels. Average annual percent change (AAPC) was calculated to describe trends in age-standardized rates and indicator counts from 1990 to 2021.

Results: From 1990 to 2021, the global age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR; AAPC = -0.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.25, -0.24), age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR; AAPC = -0.06, 95% CI -0.06, -0.05), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR; AAPC = -0.03, 95% CI -0.04, -0.02), and DALY rate (AAPC = -2.38, 95% CI -2.44, -2.33) for VL all showed a declining trend. The ASMR was highest among children under 5 years old and decreased progressively with age. VL remains a critical and under-recognized tropical disease in Latin America, the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia.

Conclusions: VL disproportionately affects males and presents the highest risk in children under 5 years. Enhanced global collaboration in infectious disease control, with a focus on regions such as Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia, is essential to further reduce the burden of VL.

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1990-2021年全球、区域和国家内脏利什曼病负担：来自2021年全球疾病负担研究的结果

背景：利什曼病是一种由利什曼原虫属原虫引起的媒介传播的寄生虫病；它通过受感染白蛉的叮咬传播。临床表现为三种主要形式：皮肤、粘膜和内脏利什曼病（VL）。其中，VL是最严重的形式，其特点是发病率和死亡率高，并造成相当大的公共卫生负担，特别是在流行区域。本研究利用2021年全球疾病负担（GBD）研究的数据，对1990年至2021年全球VL流行病学趋势和负担进行了全面分析，旨在产生基于证据的见解，为预防和控制策略提供信息。方法：使用GBD 2021数据，本研究检查了204个国家和地区的VL发病率、患病率、死亡率和残疾调整生命年（DALYs）的趋势，并按年龄、性别和社会人口指数（SDI）水平分层。计算平均年变化率（AAPC）来描述1990年至2021年年龄标准化率和指标计数的趋势。结果：从1990年到2021年，全球年龄标准化发病率(ASIR；AAPC = -0.25, 95%可信区间(CI) -0.25, -0.24)，年龄标准化患病率(ASPR；AAPC = -0.06, 95% CI -0.06, -0.05)，年龄标准化死亡率(ASMR；VL的AAPC = -0.03, 95% CI -0.04, -0.02)、DALY率（AAPC = -2.38, 95% CI -2.44, -2.33）均呈下降趋势。ASMR在5岁以下儿童中最高，并随着年龄的增长逐渐下降。在拉丁美洲、中东、非洲和南亚，VL仍然是一种严重但未得到充分认识的热带病。结论：VL对男性的影响不成比例，5岁以下儿童的风险最高。加强传染病控制方面的全球合作，以拉丁美洲、非洲、中东和南亚等区域为重点，对于进一步减轻麻疹病毒感染的负担至关重要。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Parasites & Vectors 医学-寄生虫学

CiteScore

6.30

自引率

9.40%

发文量

433

审稿时长

1.4 months

期刊介绍： Parasites & Vectors is an open access, peer-reviewed online journal dealing with the biology of parasites, parasitic diseases, intermediate hosts, vectors and vector-borne pathogens. Manuscripts published in this journal will be available to all worldwide, with no barriers to access, immediately following acceptance. However, authors retain the copyright of their material and may use it, or distribute it, as they wish. Manuscripts on all aspects of the basic and applied biology of parasites, intermediate hosts, vectors and vector-borne pathogens will be considered. In addition to the traditional and well-established areas of science in these fields, we also aim to provide a vehicle for publication of the rapidly developing resources and technology in parasite, intermediate host and vector genomics and their impacts on biological research. We are able to publish large datasets and extensive results, frequently associated with genomic and post-genomic technologies, which are not readily accommodated in traditional journals. Manuscripts addressing broader issues, for example economics, social sciences and global climate change in relation to parasites, vectors and disease control, are also welcomed.