{"title":"3D Computational Modeling of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@Au Nanoparticles in Hyperthermia Treatment of Skin Cancer.","authors":"Piotr Gas, Muhammad Suleman, Farah Khaliq","doi":"10.2147/NSA.S495377","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Nanotechnology can be used to treat a diversity of cancers with different physiological properties. Skin cancers are common among people affected by an excessive solar radiation of the ultraviolet (UV) range.</p><p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This paper describes a mathematical formulation and simulation approach for the magnetic hyperthermia therapy of skin cancer using gold-coated iron oxide (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@Au) magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The authors created an artificial 3D geometry model of skin cancer with tissue-mimicking materials, constructed a mesh, and solved all the required physics for electro-thermal simulation using FEM-based software. The heat transfer in the skin tissue was modeled using the Pennes bioheat equation, and the Helmholtz-type equation of quasi-static magnetic field produced by a three-turned coil surrounding the tumor.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The simulated magnetic field pattern was compared with that of the analytical solution along the symmetry axis of the helical coil with good agreement. The obtained results show that the tumor damage is maximum in the tumor center and decreases towards its outer boundaries. Additionally, the impact of varying values of blood perfusion rate, blood density, blood specific heat capacity, heat dissipation produced by Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@Au MNPs, and metabolic heat generation has been examined for thermal therapy. The performed simulations show that all these parameters influences heating characteristics of tumor tissues by gold-coated magnetic nanoparticles.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Gold-iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles succeeded to damage 90-99% skin cancer. Among all the contributing parameters, the blood perfusion is the most sensitive parameter in thermal therapy of skin tumor.</p><p><strong>Recommendations: </strong>On the bases of results obtained, we recommend physicians to use Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@Au MNPs in real time medical skin cancer treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":18881,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology, Science and Applications","volume":"18 ","pages":"173-196"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9000,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12002342/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Nanotechnology, Science and Applications","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.2147/NSA.S495377","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/1/1 0:00:00","PubModel":"eCollection","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"NANOSCIENCE & NANOTECHNOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Background: Nanotechnology can be used to treat a diversity of cancers with different physiological properties. Skin cancers are common among people affected by an excessive solar radiation of the ultraviolet (UV) range.
Introduction: This paper describes a mathematical formulation and simulation approach for the magnetic hyperthermia therapy of skin cancer using gold-coated iron oxide (Fe3O4@Au) magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs).
Methods: The authors created an artificial 3D geometry model of skin cancer with tissue-mimicking materials, constructed a mesh, and solved all the required physics for electro-thermal simulation using FEM-based software. The heat transfer in the skin tissue was modeled using the Pennes bioheat equation, and the Helmholtz-type equation of quasi-static magnetic field produced by a three-turned coil surrounding the tumor.
Results: The simulated magnetic field pattern was compared with that of the analytical solution along the symmetry axis of the helical coil with good agreement. The obtained results show that the tumor damage is maximum in the tumor center and decreases towards its outer boundaries. Additionally, the impact of varying values of blood perfusion rate, blood density, blood specific heat capacity, heat dissipation produced by Fe3O4@Au MNPs, and metabolic heat generation has been examined for thermal therapy. The performed simulations show that all these parameters influences heating characteristics of tumor tissues by gold-coated magnetic nanoparticles.
Conclusion: Gold-iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles succeeded to damage 90-99% skin cancer. Among all the contributing parameters, the blood perfusion is the most sensitive parameter in thermal therapy of skin tumor.
Recommendations: On the bases of results obtained, we recommend physicians to use Fe3O4@Au MNPs in real time medical skin cancer treatments.
期刊介绍:
Nanotechnology, Science and Applications is an international, peer-reviewed, Open Access journal that focuses on the science of nanotechnology in a wide range of industrial and academic applications. The journal is characterized by the rapid reporting of reviews, original research, and application studies across all sectors, including engineering, optics, bio-medicine, cosmetics, textiles, resource sustainability and science. Applied research into nano-materials, particles, nano-structures and fabrication, diagnostics and analytics, drug delivery and toxicology constitute the primary direction of the journal.