Anthropomorphic Head MRI Phantoms: Technical Development, Brain Imaging Applications, and Future Prospects.

Abstract

Compared to traditional phantoms, anthropomorphic  head phantoms offer greater advantages in mimicking real human experimental scenarios. Thanks to continuous advancements in 3D printing technology and ongoing development of tissue-mimicking materials, significant achievements have been made in the production of anthropomorphic head phantoms. A comprehensive narrative review was conducted using Google Scholar as the primary database for literature retrieval. Specific search terms were employed to identify studies on anthropomorphic head MRI phantoms, excluding digital phantoms or animal models. Retrieved literature was then categorized and organized based on the physical properties simulated by phantoms, summarizing preparation methods for anthropomorphic head phantoms and presenting their application examples in MRI. There are two manufacturing options for producing anthropomorphic head phantoms with 3D printing, namely direct and indirect manufacturing, both demonstrating unique merits. Based on physical properties simulated by phantoms, quantitative comparisons between measured values and actual values were conducted, revealing notable discrepancies between them. During phantom fabrication, challenges such as long-term stability, bubble formation, and susceptibility-matching issues are identified. This paper also summarizes optimized strategies addressing these problems. Future head phantoms will achieve multidimensional simulations, replicating not only anatomical structures and physical properties but also physiological activities and functional behaviors. This advancement aims to accelerate the clinical translation of novel, efficient imaging technologies and methodologies. EVIDENCE LEVEL: 5. TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 1.