Development and Application of Human Health Risk-Based Screening Levels for Crude Oil Affected Soils and Sediments in the Niger Delta.

IF 3 4区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management Pub Date : 2025-04-23 DOI:10.1093/inteam/vjaf052

George E DeVaull, Matthijs Bonte, Erich R Gundlach, Ogonnaya I Iroakasi

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Abstract

Management of oil impacted sites in Nigeria is regulated through the Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria (EGASPIN). This includes an intervention value for total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) of 5,000 mg/kg as a trigger for remedial action. This single intervention value does not differentiate between varied land uses or the specific chemical composition of spilled oil. The EGASPIN does allow development of refined screening levels based upon human health risk assessment methods. Following these requirements, we have applied the ASTM risk-based corrective action (RBCA) process to define Tier 1 Risk Based Screening Levels (RBSLs) and Tier 2 Site Specific Target Level (SSTLs). Both are derived using United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) guidance supplemented by equations correcting for the properties of chemical mixtures, presence of a residual oil phase, and preferential depletion of volatile oil components. The RBSLs were calculated for five Nigerian crude oils and six exposure scenarios specific to the Niger Delta while SSTLs were calculated using sediment sampling results and four exposure scenarios from the Bodo oil spill area located in the eastern Niger Delta mangrove swamp area. Derived TPH RBSLs range between a factor of 2.5 lower (more stringent) for residential land use to > 10x higher for 'Commercial and Industrial Workers', when compared to the Nigerian EGASPIN intervention value. Derived SSTLs for TPH ranged between a value just above the intervention value for shoreline areas near Bodo Town to values ∼6x higher than the intervention value for most uninhabited mangrove areas. The derived RBSLs and SSTLs are protective of human health but other criteria (aesthetic, ecological) may be more stringent. Additional criteria are introduced, including oil mobility (potential spreading of existing impacts) and criteria for ensuring the viability of the mangrove environment.

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尼日尔三角洲原油影响土壤和沉积物人类健康风险筛选水平的开发和应用。

尼日利亚受石油影响的场所的管理是通过尼日利亚石油工业环境准则和标准（EGASPIN）进行规范的。其中，总石油烃（TPH）的干预值为5000 mg/kg，作为补救行动的触发因素。这个单一的干预值没有区分不同的土地用途或溢油的特定化学成分。EGASPIN确实允许根据人类健康风险评估方法制定精细的筛查水平。根据这些要求，我们应用ASTM基于风险的纠正措施（RBCA）流程来定义第一级基于风险的筛选水平（RBSLs）和第二级场地特定目标水平（sstl）。两者都是根据美国环境保护署（USEPA）的指导得出的，并辅以纠正化学混合物性质、残余油相的存在和优先耗尽挥发性油成分的方程式。计算了5种尼日利亚原油的RBSLs和尼日尔三角洲特定的6种暴露情景，而SSTLs是根据沉积物采样结果和尼日尔三角洲东部红树林沼泽地区Bodo溢油区4种暴露情景计算的。与尼日利亚EGASPIN干预值相比，得出的TPH RBSLs范围在住宅用地低2.5倍（更严格）到“商业和工业工人”高10倍之间。得到的TPH的sstl值介于略高于Bodo镇附近海岸线地区的干预值和比大多数无人居住的红树林地区的干预值高6倍之间。衍生的rbsl和sstsl对人类健康有保护作用，但其他标准（美学、生态）可能更为严格。提出了其他标准，包括石油流动性（现有影响的潜在扩散）和确保红树林环境生存能力的标准。

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来源期刊

Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCESTOXICOLOGY&nbs-TOXICOLOGY

CiteScore

5.90

自引率

6.50%

发文量

156

期刊介绍： Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management (IEAM) publishes the science underpinning environmental decision making and problem solving. Papers submitted to IEAM must link science and technical innovations to vexing regional or global environmental issues in one or more of the following core areas: Science-informed regulation, policy, and decision making Health and ecological risk and impact assessment Restoration and management of damaged ecosystems Sustaining ecosystems Managing large-scale environmental change Papers published in these broad fields of study are connected by an array of interdisciplinary engineering, management, and scientific themes, which collectively reflect the interconnectedness of the scientific, social, and environmental challenges facing our modern global society: Methods for environmental quality assessment; forecasting across a number of ecosystem uses and challenges (systems-based, cost-benefit, ecosystem services, etc.); measuring or predicting ecosystem change and adaptation Approaches that connect policy and management tools; harmonize national and international environmental regulation; merge human well-being with ecological management; develop and sustain the function of ecosystems; conceptualize, model and apply concepts of spatial and regional sustainability Assessment and management frameworks that incorporate conservation, life cycle, restoration, and sustainability; considerations for climate-induced adaptation, change and consequences, and vulnerability Environmental management applications using risk-based approaches; considerations for protecting and fostering biodiversity, as well as enhancement or protection of ecosystem services and resiliency.