Macrophage Regulation of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal and Gonadal Axis Homeostasis and Hormonal Output.

IF 4.1 3区医学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Biomedical Journal Pub Date : 2025-04-27 DOI:10.1016/j.bj.2025.100866

Conan J O O'Brien

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Macrophages are critical immune cells present in virtually every tissue, where they contribute to tissue homeostasis beyond their traditional immune roles. Past and recent evidence highlights their involvement in endocrine regulation, particularly within the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axes. This review explores the ontogeny and function of macrophages residing in the hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenals, and gonads, emphasizing their contributions to hormonal output and endocrine homeostasis. Macrophages in the hypothalamus and pituitary modulate neuroendocrine signalling, impacting stress and reproductive hormone production. In the adrenal glands, distinct macrophage subsets regulate glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid synthesis, influencing systemic metabolism and blood pressure. Gonadal macrophages contribute to steroidogenesis and fertility, with roles in testosterone production, ovarian folliculogenesis, and corpus luteum maintenance. The emerging understanding of macrophage regulation of endocrine function may seed novel therapeutic approaches for endocrine disorders. Future research should further elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying macrophage regulation of hormone production and explore their implications for metabolic, immune, and reproductive health.

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巨噬细胞调节下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺和性腺轴稳态和激素输出。

巨噬细胞是一种重要的免疫细胞，几乎存在于每个组织中，在那里它们有助于组织稳态，而不是传统的免疫角色。过去和最近的证据强调它们参与内分泌调节，特别是在下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺（HPA）和下丘脑-垂体-性腺（HPG）轴。本文综述了巨噬细胞存在于下丘脑、垂体、肾上腺和性腺中的个体发生和功能，重点介绍了它们在激素输出和内分泌稳态中的作用。下丘脑和垂体中的巨噬细胞调节神经内分泌信号，影响应激和生殖激素的产生。在肾上腺中，不同的巨噬细胞亚群调节糖皮质激素和矿皮质激素的合成，影响全身代谢和血压。性腺巨噬细胞在睾酮产生、卵巢卵泡生成和黄体维持中发挥作用，有助于类固醇生成和生育。对巨噬细胞调节内分泌功能的新认识可能为内分泌疾病的治疗开辟新的途径。未来的研究应进一步阐明巨噬细胞调节激素产生的分子机制，并探讨其对代谢、免疫和生殖健康的影响。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Biomedical Journal Medicine-General Medicine

CiteScore

11.60

自引率

1.80%

发文量

128

审稿时长

42 days

期刊介绍： Biomedical Journal publishes 6 peer-reviewed issues per year in all fields of clinical and biomedical sciences for an internationally diverse authorship. Unlike most open access journals, which are free to readers but not authors, Biomedical Journal does not charge for subscription, submission, processing or publication of manuscripts, nor for color reproduction of photographs. Clinical studies, accounts of clinical trials, biomarker studies, and characterization of human pathogens are within the scope of the journal, as well as basic studies in model species such as Escherichia coli, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and Mus musculus revealing the function of molecules, cells, and tissues relevant for human health. However, articles on other species can be published if they contribute to our understanding of basic mechanisms of biology. A highly-cited international editorial board assures timely publication of manuscripts. Reviews on recent progress in biomedical sciences are commissioned by the editors.