CO2 Capture, Purification, and Utilizing for Food Processing Applications

Abstract

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in 2022 provide a comprehensive overview of energy-related greenhouse gas emissions on a global scale. The industrial activities indicate that global emissions have increased, along with other gases, including methane, nitrogen compounds, and disruptions from the energy crisis. CO₂ emissions from industrial operations and energy combustion rose by 0.9% (321 million metric tons) in 2022, totaling 36.8 gigatons. The International Energy Agency's analysis highlights this trend based on authorized national statistics and publicly available information on energy consumption. Therefore, the efficient utilization of CO₂ emissions from industries is crucial. Pre-combustion, post-combustion, and oxyfuel with post-combustion are the three fundamental methods of capturing CO₂. Among which the pre-combustion procedure transforms fuel into syngas (CO₂ and hydrogen) through gasification. CO₂ is separated using chemical absorption, followed by the execution of the Water Gas Shift Reaction, then compressed for storage. Post-combustion technology involves the exhaust gases through the fossil fuels being burnt as flue gas, which is driven to a chamber for solvent-CO₂ linkage, causing removal of other gases, whereas the oxyfuel combustion separates CO₂ through Sulfur removal using ZnO bed followed by condensation. CO₂ capture contributes to a sustainable future and can be achieved by reusing emitted CO₂ through various purification techniques such as absorption, adsorption, chemical reactions, membrane separation, and cryogenic distillation. This captured and purified CO₂ from the atmosphere can be employed in various food industrial applications, including dry ice production, modified atmospheric packaging/controlled atmospheric packaging, supercritical CO₂ extraction, and carbonating beverages.