Nutritional supplementation in pregnant, lactating women and young children following a plant-based diet: A narrative review of the evidence

Abstract

Plant-based diets are increasingly popular in contemporary society. While they are suitable for all life stages, there is a potential risk of nutrient deficiencies, particularly in omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins A, D, and B₁₂, zinc, iodine, selenium, choline, and creatine. During pregnancy and lactation, the nutritional demands increase significantly, making proper supplementation essential. Breastfeeding remains the optimal feeding method for infants, provided key nutrient needs are met through supplementation. A bibliographic search in Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed focused on plant-based diets, supplementation, and key nutrients over the past 10 years. Studies involving diseases or duplicates were excluded, and data were analyzed from European and U.S. sources to assess nutrient supplementation trends. Micronutrient deficiencies during pregnancy and lactation can negatively impact infant neurological development. Vitamin A supports vision and immunity, while vitamin D aids fetal bone mineralization. Deficiency in vitamin B₁₂ can lead to anemia and neurological issues. Zinc, iodine, selenium, omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA), choline, and creatine also play critical roles in development and may require supplementation in plant-based diets. With careful planning, plant-based diets can meet nutritional needs during pregnancy, lactation, and childhood. Supplementation with key micronutrients, including choline and creatine, is essential for neurodevelopment and energy metabolism. Dietitians play a vital role in guiding individualized dietary plans, and further research is needed on optimal supplement dosages and long-term health effects.