Macrophage immunometabolism dysregulation and inflammatory disorders

Abstract

Macrophages are innate immune cells which are involved in triggering inflammation. Growing evidence shows that, macrophages respond to intracellular and extracellular cues which makes them adopt either anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory functions and phenotypes. Immunometabolism has been identified as one of the prominent factors which contributes massively towards the cessation and the development of inflammation as an immune response to infections and autoimmune diseases. However, when inflammation is poorly regulated, it leads to dire consequences. This illustrates that, understanding the role of immunometabolism in the regulation of inflammation, is paramount. In view of this, the review investigated the role of metabolic pathways such as: glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, pentose phosphate pathway, fatty acid oxidation, amino acid metabolism in macrophage reprogramming. The role of the intermediates and enzymes associated with these metabolic pathways in the regulation of, macrophage reprogramming and polarisation or activation was also reviewed. It was unveiled that, manipulating metabolic intermediates and enzymes could impact cellular immunometabolism. This eventually influences macrophage reprogramming and thus influences the generation of either a pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory response.