Hydrogenated Diamond-Like Carbon (HDLC) as Energy Storage Nanomaterials: A Review

Abstract

The increasing global demand for efficient energy storage systems, driven by the proliferation of portable electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy sources, necessitates the development of advanced materials. Conventional energy storage technologies, such as lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors, face persistent challenges related to limited capacity, efficiency, and long-term durability. Advanced nanomaterials have emerged as a solution to these challenges, and hydrogenated diamond-like carbon (HDLC) has gained significant attention as a promising candidate. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of HDLC as a nanomaterial for energy storage applications. HDLC exhibits exceptional properties, including high hardness, chemical stability, and tunable electrical conductivity, making it ideal for next-generation energy storage devices. The paper begins by discussing the critical challenges in energy storage and the role of innovative materials in overcoming these barriers. It then explores the structure, synthesis methods, and unique properties of HDLC, focusing on the impact of hydrogen incorporation on its mechanical, electrical, and chemical characteristics. The review highlights the versatility of HDLC in various applications, such as lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells, where it serves as a robust electrode material due to its superior conductivity, stability, and surface area. Recent advancements, including surface engineering and enhanced electrochemical performance, are examined alongside challenges such as material degradation and environmental concerns. Emerging trends and future research directions are identified, emphasizing HDLC's potential to revolutionize energy storage technologies and contribute to a sustainable energy future.