Mohsen Farahi, Ali Mohammadian Behbahani, Hamid Reza Asgari, Reza Dahmardeh Behrooz, D. G. Kaskaoutis
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引用次数: 0
Abstract
This study analyzes the PM10 concentrations and their chemical composition, in terms of heavy and potential toxic elements (PTEs), from airborne dust samples collected in two cities (Zabol and Birjand) in east Iran during the dusty summer period. The sampling sites are located downwind of major dust sources in Central Asia and east Iran and the concurrent analysis allows to determine the impact of local dust upon a regional dusty background. PM10 samples in both locations were mainly composed by Al, followed by Fe, Ti and Ca, while lower concentrations were found for PTEs like Pb, Zn, As, Cr, Ni, Cd, which however, may cause important environmental pollution, with increased values of geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), Integrated Pollution Index (EPI) and Ecological Risk Index (ERI) under certain conditions. PM10 concentration was much higher in Zabol (471.5 µg m−3) compared to Birjand (102.7 µg m−3), while the latter exhibited higher fraction of heavy metals to PM10 mass due to increased anthropogenic emissions. Analysis of soil samples revealed similar chemical compositions, indicating that local deserts are the main source of airborne dust. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks were assessed for three exposure pathways (inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact), separately for children and adults. Non-carcinogenic inhalation risks were very high (Hazard Index: HI > 1) both for children and adults (adult: 6.9; child: 5.2 in Birjand; adult: 7.6, child: 5.9 in Zabol), while ingestion also exhibits high health risks. High carcinogenic risks (> 10−4) were found for the ingestion and inhalation pathways in both cities, mainly from As and Cr. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks for dermal contact were below the acceptable limits, but both atmospheric environments pose serious hazards for human health, with more deleterious effects in Zabol.
期刊介绍：
Air Quality, Atmosphere, and Health is a multidisciplinary journal which, by its very name, illustrates the broad range of work it publishes and which focuses on atmospheric consequences of human activities and their implications for human and ecological health.
It offers research papers, critical literature reviews and commentaries, as well as special issues devoted to topical subjects or themes.
International in scope, the journal presents papers that inform and stimulate a global readership, as the topic addressed are global in their import. Consequently, we do not encourage submission of papers involving local data that relate to local problems. Unless they demonstrate wide applicability, these are better submitted to national or regional journals.
Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health addresses such topics as acid precipitation; airborne particulate matter; air quality monitoring and management; exposure assessment; risk assessment; indoor air quality; atmospheric chemistry; atmospheric modeling and prediction; air pollution climatology; climate change and air quality; air pollution measurement; atmospheric impact assessment; forest-fire emissions; atmospheric science; greenhouse gases; health and ecological effects; clean air technology; regional and global change and satellite measurements.
This journal benefits a diverse audience of researchers, public health officials and policy makers addressing problems that call for solutions based in evidence from atmospheric and exposure assessment scientists, epidemiologists, and risk assessors. Publication in the journal affords the opportunity to reach beyond defined disciplinary niches to this broader readership.
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