De facto opioids: Characterization of novel 7-hydroxymitragynine and mitragynine pseudoindoxyl product marketing

IF 3.9 2区医学 Q1 PSYCHIATRY

Drug and alcohol dependence Pub Date : 2025-05-08 DOI:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2025.112701

Katherine Hill , Edward W. Boyer , Oliver Grundmann , Kirsten E. Smith

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background

Within the past year, the online sale of semi-synthetic products containing chemicals derived from mitragynine, kratom’s primary alkaloid: 7-hydroxymitragynine (7-OH) and mitragynine pseudoindoxyl (MP) has emerged. Both are highly selective mu opioid receptor agonists undetectable or not present in fresh kratom leaves and may, as constituents of novel product formulations, pose public health risks.

Method

Between September 2024-February 2025 we abstracted from websites of vendors selling 7-OH and MP products information about these products, including formulation types, dose/serving size, cost, and effect, health, and drug claims

Results

We identified 304 7-OH and MP semi-synthetic products. Most (82.2 %) were 7-OH-only products formulated as chewable/sublingual tablets, shots, or gummies; 14.5 % were combination 7-OH-MP, and 3.3 % MP-only. MP and 7-OH-MP combination products were almost uniformly marketed as “kratom” while 92.0 % of 7-OH-only products were advertised as such. Across products’ online marketing content, 73.3 % made effect claims, most often promising increased focus and/or providing relaxation. Functional claims of pain and anxiety relief were made by 37.8 % of products while 12.5 % of made drug claims. The mean cost per recommended dose/serving was $3.97; MP products had a mean cost closer to $5 per recommended dose/serving. Several products had names alluding to prescription opioids.

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事实上的阿片类药物：新型7-羟基米特拉金和米特拉金假吲哚基产品营销的表征

在过去的一年里，网上出现了含有米特拉金碱（kratom的主要生物碱）衍生的化学物质的半合成产品：7-羟基米特拉金碱（7-OH）和米特拉金假吲哚基（MP）。两者都是高度选择性的mu阿片受体激动剂，在新鲜的克拉托姆叶中检测不到或不存在，并且可能作为新产品配方的成分构成公共健康风险。方法于2024年9月至2025年2月期间，从7-OH和MP产品销售商网站上提取7-OH和MP产品的配方类型、剂量/服用量、成本和效果、健康状况、药品说明书等信息。大多数（82.2%）是只含7- oh的产品，配方为咀嚼/舌下片剂、针剂或软糖；14.5%为联合7-OH-MP， 3.3%为单纯mp。MP和7-OH-MP组合产品几乎统一以“kratom”销售，而92.0%的7-OH-MP产品则是这样宣传的。在产品的在线营销内容中，73.3%的人声称有效果，最常见的是承诺提高注意力和/或提供放松。37.8%的产品声称有缓解疼痛和焦虑的功能，而12.5%的产品声称有药物功能。每推荐剂量/服务的平均费用为3.97美元；MP产品的平均成本接近每推荐剂量5美元/份。一些产品的名字暗指处方阿片类药物。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Drug and alcohol dependence 医学-精神病学

CiteScore

7.40

自引率

7.10%

发文量

409

审稿时长

41 days

期刊介绍： Drug and Alcohol Dependence is an international journal devoted to publishing original research, scholarly reviews, commentaries, and policy analyses in the area of drug, alcohol and tobacco use and dependence. Articles range from studies of the chemistry of substances of abuse, their actions at molecular and cellular sites, in vitro and in vivo investigations of their biochemical, pharmacological and behavioural actions, laboratory-based and clinical research in humans, substance abuse treatment and prevention research, and studies employing methods from epidemiology, sociology, and economics.