Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Multifunctional Organic Frameworks (MOFs, COFs, HOFs): A review

Abstract

Organic framework materials (OFs) exhibit broad prospects in the biomedical field due to their tunable structure and multifunctionality. This review systematically summarizes the classification, formation mechanisms, and synthesis strategies (such as solvothermal method and microwave-assisted method) of MOFs, COFs, and HOFs, and focuses on their innovative applications in biomedicine. Research indicates that OFs can achieve efficient drug loading through pore engineering (such as ZIF-8 delivering anticancer drugs), enhance antibacterial performance through surface functionalization (such as the ROS generation capability of Ag-MOFs), serve as high-sensitivity biosensors (such as COFs fluorescent probes), or treat cancer through photothermal effects (the application of HOFs in photothermal therapy). However, the clinical translation of OFs still faces challenges such as biocompatibility, in vivo degradation behavior, and large-scale preparation. Future research needs to focus on the design of intelligent responsive systems (such as pH/light-triggered release) and the development of multimodal treatment platforms to facilitate their transition from laboratory research to practical applications. This work not only summarizes current progress but also provides directions for addressing key bottlenecks, laying the foundation for interdisciplinary research.