Biofuels for a Sustainable Future: Generations, Technologies, and Key Challenges in Renewable Energy

Abstract

The depletion of traditional fuel supplies and environmental issues have promoted the exploration of an environmentally benign, cost-effective, renewable, and sustainable alternative energy source. Large quantities of lignocellulosic biomass are generated globally, and they can be utilized in biofuel production using various methods. Biomass energy is becoming increasingly important in the global energy system. In recent years, biofuels have emerged as an important renewable energy source. Biofuels are preferred for various reasons, including improvement in energy security and sustainable nature, reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, creation of new jobs, raise in farm earnings, and for having chemical and physical properties similar to oil, and for its easy utilization. This review is a comprehensive analysis of different generations of biofuel derived from food crops, non-food biomass, algae, and genetically engineered organisms along with its bio-thermo-chemical conversion, also discusses technologies for transforming biomass waste and residues into biofuels, particularly technological conceptions and comparative benefits. The study also focuses on key issues of biofuel transportation and storage, which are critical to maintain stable supply chains and distribution networks. Biofuel’s environmental benefits, difficulties, and downsides are also addressed. Finally, the article addresses future bioenergy possibilities and developments, focusing on advanced technologies that maximizes biofuel output, enhance feedstock processing, achieve sustainable development goals, and boost carbon sequestration potential.