{"title":"Risk stratified treatment for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a multicentre observational study from India","authors":"Manash Pratim Gogoi , Parag Das , Nandana Das , Soumyadeep Das , Gaurav Narula , Amita Trehan , Sameer Bakhshi , Venkatraman Radhakrishnan , Rachna Seth , Prashant Tembhare , Man Updesh Singh Sachdeva , Anita Chopra , Shirley Sundersingh , Mayur Parihar , Rahul Bhattacharya , Shripad Banavali , Vaskar Saha , Shekhar Krishnan","doi":"10.1016/j.lansea.2025.100593","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Overall survival rates of children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in high-income countries approach 90%. Treated on the same protocols, outcomes in India, were ∼65%.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The Indian Childhood Collaborative Leukaemia (ICiCLe) group used genetics and measurable residual disease (MRD) to categorise B-cell precursor (BCP) ALL as standard (SR), intermediate (IR) and high-risk (HR) to receive increasing intensity of therapy. T-ALL were treated uniformly. Data on risk stratification, deaths and relapses were collected annually.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>2695 patients aged 1–18 years were enrolled between January 2013 and May 2018. Induction deaths were significantly lower in SR patients (p = 0·002) compared to others. At a median 61 (59–62) months, the 4-year event free and overall survival was 76% (72–79%) and 88% (85–90%) in SR; 70% (66–74%) and 80% (77–83%) in IR; 61% (51–64%) and 73% (70–76%) in HR; and 69% (62–75%) and 77% (70–83%) in T-ALL patients (p < 0·0001). For BCP-ALL, regression analyses showed age, white cell count, bulky disease, high risk genetics and treating centre as independent prognostic variables. The cumulative incidence of treatment deaths (TRD) and relapses at centres varied from 2% (1–5) to 13% (10–17) (p ≤ 0·0001); and 21% (17–26) to 45% (39–51) (p ≤ 0·0001) respectively with significant differences in proportion of BCP-ALL patients with MRD ≥ 0·01% (p = 0·0007) and time to relapse (p = 0·0001).</div></div><div><h3>Interpretation</h3><div>Risk stratified directed reduced intensity treatment and collaboration decreases treatment deaths and relapses. Standardisation of genetic and MRD tests across centres and access to high quality drugs will lead to further improvements in survival.</div></div><div><h3>Funding</h3><div><span>DBT-Wellcome</span>; <span>UKIERI</span>, <span>TCS Foundation</span>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":75136,"journal":{"name":"The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100593"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0000,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772368225000642","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES","Score":null,"Total":0}
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Abstract
Background
Overall survival rates of children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in high-income countries approach 90%. Treated on the same protocols, outcomes in India, were ∼65%.
Methods
The Indian Childhood Collaborative Leukaemia (ICiCLe) group used genetics and measurable residual disease (MRD) to categorise B-cell precursor (BCP) ALL as standard (SR), intermediate (IR) and high-risk (HR) to receive increasing intensity of therapy. T-ALL were treated uniformly. Data on risk stratification, deaths and relapses were collected annually.
Findings
2695 patients aged 1–18 years were enrolled between January 2013 and May 2018. Induction deaths were significantly lower in SR patients (p = 0·002) compared to others. At a median 61 (59–62) months, the 4-year event free and overall survival was 76% (72–79%) and 88% (85–90%) in SR; 70% (66–74%) and 80% (77–83%) in IR; 61% (51–64%) and 73% (70–76%) in HR; and 69% (62–75%) and 77% (70–83%) in T-ALL patients (p < 0·0001). For BCP-ALL, regression analyses showed age, white cell count, bulky disease, high risk genetics and treating centre as independent prognostic variables. The cumulative incidence of treatment deaths (TRD) and relapses at centres varied from 2% (1–5) to 13% (10–17) (p ≤ 0·0001); and 21% (17–26) to 45% (39–51) (p ≤ 0·0001) respectively with significant differences in proportion of BCP-ALL patients with MRD ≥ 0·01% (p = 0·0007) and time to relapse (p = 0·0001).
Interpretation
Risk stratified directed reduced intensity treatment and collaboration decreases treatment deaths and relapses. Standardisation of genetic and MRD tests across centres and access to high quality drugs will lead to further improvements in survival.
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