Evaluation of the Toxicological Effects of Microparticles from Disposable Polypropylene Face Masks in Oreochromis niloticus

Abstract

With the COVID-19 epidemic, disposable face masks have become mandatory for the entire population to reduce the virus’s transmission. However, incorrect disposal can cause impacts to ecosystems. This study investigated the effects of concentrations 0.2, 1.0, and 5.0 mg/L of microparticles from masks on Oreochromis niloticus after 14 days of exposure. The material was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and particle size analysis. The FTIR data revealed that polypropylene and polyester are the primary constituent materials of the mask. The SEM analysis showed ordered and smooth fibers, and the granulometry showed that the experiment’s particles had a 2.4 and 1.2 mm diameter. The results showed a statistically significant decrease in body size (p < 0.05) in the groups with 1.0 and 5.0 mg/L of white mask microparticles and in the 0.2 mg/L black mask group. The comet assay results demonstrated a significant increase in DNA damage (p < 0.01) in the group exposed to 5.0 mg/L of black mask microparticles. Brain acetylcholinesterase activity was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in groups exposed to 1.0 and 5.0 mg/L of white mask microparticles. Liver lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were significantly elevated (p < 0.01) in the 1.0 mg/L (white mask) group and in all three concentrations of black mask particles. In contrast, muscle AChE, liver catalase, and GST activity did not show significant differences compared to the control group (p > 0.05). Based on these findings, it can be concluded that disposable face masks pose an environmental risk, as they exhibit toxic effects at sublethal concentrations for O. niloticus.

Graphic Abstract