Biocatalysis-driven CO2 valorization: Innovations and sustainable strategies in conversion and utilization

Abstract

Anthropogenic CO₂ emissions, a primary driver of global warming, necessitate innovative technologies to reconcile carbon neutrality with industrial growth. Biocatalysis, leveraging the precision of enzymatic systems, has emerged as a pivotal strategy for CO₂ valorization within CO₂ conversion and utilization (CCU) frameworks, enabling sustainable conversion of CO₂ into platform chemicals and fuels. This review examines cutting-edge advances in biocatalytic CO₂ conversion, with a focus on enzyme engineering breakthroughs that enhance catalytic efficiency and product selectivity. Key enzymes—including (de)carboxylases, carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, and formate dehydrogenases—are analyzed for their roles in CO₂ fixation, alongside immobilization techniques that improve operational stability. Furthermore, sophisticated protein engineering approaches, including directed evolution and rational design, are emphasized for their potential to improve enzymatic performance through tailored modifications. By bridging molecular-scale innovations with system-level engineering, this work underscores biocatalysis as a multi-faceted solution for sustainable CO₂ utilization. This contribution provides a comprehensive overview of current achievements and future perspectives in the field, emphasizing the role of biocatalysis in addressing global climate challenges.