Review: aerogel electrodes for supercapacitor application using metal additives

Abstract

In supercapacitors, as with other energy storage devices, the materials that make up the electrodes are pivotal in influencing the overall performance and energy efficiency of the system. Although supercapacitors offer numerous benefits, they encounter challenges that limit their widespread industrial application, thereby necessitating ongoing investment in research and development efforts. This study presents a comprehensive theoretical review focused on the incorporation of transition metals as additives in various aerogel types, with a particular emphasis on nanocellulose-based aerogels, to improve their properties for use as supercapacitor electrodes. A succinct overview is provided regarding the impact of transition metals on enhancing the electrochemical characteristics of aerogels, accompanied by an in-depth examination of different aerogel varieties, highlighting their respective advantages and limitations. The review delves into the specific improvements realized through the addition of metals, including enhancements in capacitance, cyclic stability, power density, and energy density. Furthermore, it addresses critical considerations for future research, such as the selection of suitable metals, the implications of local availability and economic viability across various regions, and effective methods for integrating metals into the aerogel structure. This work aspires to offer significant insights into advanced materials for supercapacitors, presenting a systematic collection of objective and informative data. By pinpointing current scientific trends and identifying research gaps, it serves as a valuable resource for guiding and structuring future investigations in this promising area.