Comprehensive evaluation of essential oil from stemodia viscosa roxb: Chemical composition, antimicrobial, antimycobacterial, antiangiogenic, and anticancer potential with apoptosis and cell cycle analysis

Pharmacological Research - Natural Products Pub Date : 2025-05-05 DOI:10.1016/j.prenap.2025.100250

Alfredi A. Moyo , Trupti B. Yadav , Sneha R. Bhosale , Raphael Matinde , Alphonce Ignace Marealle , Vitus A. Nyigo , Vinod B. Shimpale , Prashant V. Anbhule

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Abstract

Background

Stemodia viscosa Roxb., an aromatic herb, has traditionally been used in the Western Ghats region of India to treat and manage various microbial infections and cancer.

Aims

The study aimed to explore the chemical composition, antimicrobial, anti-angiogenic, and anticancer effects of the essential oil and reveal the mechanism of action based on in vitro and ex ovo experimental techniques.

Methods

The essential oil was extracted using hydrodistillation and characterized through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Antibacterial and antifungal activities were tested using agar well diffusion and microdilution against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus flavus, while antimycobacterial activity was evaluated against Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis using the Alamar Blue assay. Anticancer activity was assessed using the MTT assay, while the Chick Embryo Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) assay was used to evaluate antiangiogenic effects. Apoptosis and cell cycle analyses were conducted using flow cytometry.

Results

Seventy six compounds were identified in the essential oil. The oil demonstrated significant antibacterial activity Bacillus subtilis with zone of inhibition: 16 ± 1.08 mm and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 31.25 µg/mL. Aspergillus flavus was most affected by the oil compared to the other fungi, with a zone of inhibition measuring 17 ± 0.45 mm and a MIC value of 15.63 µg/mL. Moderate antimycobacterial activity was observed against Mycobacterium avium with an inhibition rate of 54.33 %. Strong antioxidant activity was observed, with an IC₅₀ value of 81.25 ± 1.18 μg/mL, while the antiangiogenic effects demonstrated significant suppression of vascularization in the CAM model. The essential oil exhibited potent anticancer activity against lung cancer cells (IC₅₀ = 49.07 ± 0.74 µg/mL) with high selectivity for cancer cells (SI = 5.34). Mechanist_ic studies revealed significant cell death by inducing apoptosis and causing cell cycle arrest at the G1 and G2 phases in A549 human lung cancer cells.

Discussion

A comparison of the antimicrobial and anticancer results revealed that the essential oil from S. viscosa exhibited significant anticancer activity, with the proposed mechanism involving cell cycle arrest in A549 human lung cancer cells.

Limitations

Although apoptosis and cell cycle arrest were observed, specific molecular targets or pathways responsible for the observed anticancer effects were not elucidated.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that S. viscosa oils could be promising candidates for further investigation as antimicrobial agents as well as cancer chemopreventive and cancer therapeutic agents.

Abstract Image

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用细胞凋亡和细胞周期分析综合评价粘胶藤精油的化学成分、抗菌、抑菌、抗血管生成和抗癌潜力

背景：粘胶菊。印度西高止山脉地区传统上使用这种芳香草本植物来治疗和控制各种微生物感染和癌症。目的通过体外实验和体外实验技术，探讨其化学成分、抗菌作用、抗血管生成作用和抗癌作用，揭示其作用机制。方法采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发油，采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对挥发油进行表征。采用琼脂孔扩散和微稀释法对大肠杆菌、伤寒沙门氏菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌、黑曲霉和黄曲霉进行抑菌和抗真菌活性测试，同时采用Alamar Blue法对鸟分枝杆菌和结核分枝杆菌进行抑菌和抗真菌活性评估。采用MTT法评价其抗癌活性，采用鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜（CAM）法评价其抗血管生成作用。流式细胞术分析细胞凋亡和细胞周期。结果从挥发油中鉴定出76种化合物。该精油对枯草芽孢杆菌具有显著的抑菌活性，抑菌带为16 ± 1.08 mm，最小抑菌浓度（MIC）为31.25 µg/mL。与其他真菌相比，黄曲霉受油脂的影响最大，抑制区为17 ± 0.45 mm， MIC值为15.63 µg/mL。对鸟分枝杆菌有中等抑菌活性，抑制率为54.33 %。抗氧化活性较强，IC50值为81.25 ± 1.18 μg/mL，抗血管生成作用明显抑制CAM模型的血管形成。该精油对肺癌细胞具有较强的抗肿瘤活性（IC50 = 49.07 ± 0.74 µg/mL），对肺癌细胞具有较高的选择性（SI = 5.34）。机制研究表明，A549人肺癌细胞通过诱导细胞凋亡和使细胞周期阻滞在G1和G2期显著死亡。对其抑菌活性和抗癌活性进行了比较，结果表明粘草精油具有显著的抗癌活性，其作用机制可能与阻滞A549人肺癌细胞的细胞周期有关。虽然观察到细胞凋亡和细胞周期阻滞，但尚未阐明所观察到的抗癌作用的特定分子靶点或途径。结论粘胶油作为抗肿瘤药物、癌症化学预防药物和癌症治疗药物具有广阔的应用前景。

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Pharmacological Research - Natural Products

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