Synergistic mechanisms of 3D electrochemical processes and multi-oxidant integration for enhanced water purification

Abstract

Recent advancements in three-dimensional electrochemical processes (3DEPs) have demonstrated significant potential in the field of water purification. Compared with traditional two-dimensional electrochemical processes (2DEPs), 3DEPs offer several key advantages, including enhanced mass transport, increased active sites, and improved conductivity. Additionally, when coupled with other oxidants, the synergistic effects are further amplified through the generation of powerful free radical species (e.g., ${}_{}{}^{•}\mathrm{OH}$, ${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{•-}$, ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{•}$, etc.) and non-radical species (${{}_{}{}^{1}O}_2$, reactive high-valence metal species, etc.), all of which play a crucial role in the removal of emerging pollutants from aqueous solutions and significantly reduce energy consumption. In this review, we meticulously revisit the definitions, historical timelines, and fundamental principles of 3DEPs from their inception. Subsequently, a detailed examination of the performance and mechanisms at play in 3DEPs when coupled with various oxidants is provided, addressing a noteworthy aspect frequently overlooked in existing literature reviews. Furthermore, different reactor designs are showcased to enhance comprehension and facilitate the practical application of 3DEPs in water treatment. Finally, prospects are discussed in light of the core content presented earlier.