IAT4, a New Indolamine N-Acetyltransferase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Involved in Melatonin Biosynthesis

Abstract

Melatonin synthesis by yeast has been described on several occasions, mainly in a fermentative context. However, the genetic determinants involved in its synthesis remain undefined. Understanding melatonin synthesis in yeast is important because it can provide insights into the broader mechanisms of indolamine production, which has implications for both basic biological research and industrial applications. Although two genes with N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity (PAA1 and HPA2) have been identified in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, these genes do not seem to be major contributors to the production of melatonin and other indolamines in yeast in vivo. In this study, we identified the uncharacterized gene YDR391C as the gene encoding a protein with NAT activity, herein named IAT4. By comparing different substrates using the purified Iat4, we found that the K_m values were 353, 356, and 930 µM towards 5-methoxytryptamine, tryptamine, and serotonin, respectively. The substrate affinity of Iat4 towards serotonin was approximately five times higher than that reported for the previous homolog of the melatonin enzyme arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (PAA1), suggesting that IAT4 could play a more significant role in melatonin biosynthesis. This enhanced affinity could lead to more efficient production of N-acetylserotonin, potentially improving yields in biotechnological applications. Finally, we demonstrate the conversion of serotonin into microbially-produced N-acetylserotonin by overexpressing IAT4 in a serotonin-overproducing yeast strain at a titer of 14.5 mg/L. These findings represent the first steps towards the development of yeast strains optimized for the biological production of N-acetylserotonin and related compounds, which might aid in studying the regulatory mechanisms and functions related to melatonin biosynthesis in S. cerevisiae and other yeast species.