Nanofluidic innovations and advances in fabrication of lab-on-a-chip systems in health care to bridge nanoengineering and medicine

Abstract

The field of nanofluidics is advancing significantly in lab-on-a-chip applications, where the unique properties of nanoscale matter enhance devices using nanopores or nanochannels. Innovations in nanofabrication have led to advanced nanofluidic systems that consolidate multiple processing steps into single devices, referred to as “labs-on-a-chip” or “micro total analysis systems.” Nanofluidics and lab-on-a-chip technologies are transforming the way we process and examine small quantities of fluids. These innovations abridge entire laboratories into compact chips, enabling quicker, more economical, and more accurate experiments and analyses. By controlling fluids at the nanoscale, researchers can leverage distinctive physical properties to create novel applications. In a way to foster disease diagnostics to cutting-edge drug development, these miniature devices are significantly influencing health care as personalised medical tools. This article highlights advancements in integrated micro- and nanofluidic devices, illustrating how nanochannels can enhance various functions in chemical analysis, such as sample preparation, fluid handling, separation, and detection. It also addresses challenges faced by these systems, particularly in efficient sample preparation processes like filtration and cell lysis. The development of artificial nanochannels aims to overcome technical hurdles in creating durable protein pore sensors. Despite potential applications, the adoption of novel nanofluidic devices has been slow, partly due to the gap between device development and commercialization. To establish a pipeline of promising technologies, challenges like system integration, cost, regulatory approval, and clinical acceptance must be addressed.