Nature of Phytoplankton Communities in the Southern Hemisphere Shallow Lakes, With an Emphasis on the Presence of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation: A Review

Abstract

Differences in the ecological stability of shallow lakes are reflected in the functional nature of the distinct phytoplankton communities in the Southern Hemisphere. Recent studies have highlighted growing uncertainties of the previous concepts regarding phytoplankton cosmopolitanism, suggesting these communities may be more regionally specialized. Consequently, the generalized applicability of traditional Northern Hemisphere-derived limnological principles can be challenged when applied to aquatic vegetation in the Southern Hemisphere. In this respect, informed comparisons among Southern Hemisphere phytoplanktonic community structures, trophic interactions and influence of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) on shallow lake are currently lacking. To redress this knowledge gap, a synthesis of available literature from inland water bodies of the Southern Hemisphere, including Antarctica, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and South America, has been consolidated in this review to guide future research directions. Further, unique characteristics of Southern Hemisphere phytoplankton and SAVs, driven by global climate change and a multiplicity of anthropogenic stressors, require specific investigation to establish how such impacts have likely contributed to the observed endemic outcomes. The biogeographic framework and interactive—functional model to understand the complex interaction of factors contributing to alternative stable states in these freshwater systems has been represented.