Ecological Risk Assessment in Nexapa River by Pharmaceutical Compounds Related to COVID-19

IF 3 4区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Pub Date : 2025-05-07 DOI:10.1007/s11270-025-08064-1

José Luis García-Zamora, María Teresa Moreira, Esmeralda García-Díaz, Eduardo Torres

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Abstract

Emerging pharmaceutical contaminants in wastewater are a significant concern, especially those extensively consumed during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to identify in Nexapa River the following pharmaceuticals used in COVID-19 treatment: acetaminophen, albendazole, chloroquine, dexamethasone, diclofenac, hydroxychloroquine, and ivermectin. Solid Phase Extraction was used to extract and concentrate the target compounds from water samples. HPLC–DAD-MS was employed to identify and quantify some emerging pharmaceuticals. The ecological risk for three trophic levels was calculated: -algae, invertebrates, and fish- Two treatment scenarios were studied using the Estimation Programs Interface (EPI) Suite™ in a wastewater treatment plant, current operating conditions and hypothetical ideal operating conditions of an equivalent WWTP, in the state of Puebla, Mexico. The results indicate that treatment plant effluents are the primary source of the entry of these compounds into the aquatic environment. Among them, ivermectin was found to be the compound with the highest potential ecological risk despite its low concentration (6.17 μg L⁻¹), followed by diclofenac (25.75 μg L⁻¹) and paracetamol (132.89 μg L⁻¹).

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新型冠状病毒相关药物化合物对纳帕帕河生态风险的评价

废水中新出现的药物污染物是一个重大问题，特别是在COVID-19大流行期间广泛使用的污染物。本研究旨在确定Nexapa River中用于治疗COVID-19的以下药物：对乙酰氨基酚、阿苯达唑、氯喹、地塞米松、双氯芬酸、羟氯喹和伊维菌素。采用固相萃取法从水样中提取浓缩目标化合物。采用HPLC-DAD-MS对部分新兴药物进行鉴定和定量。计算了三个营养水平的生态风险：-藻类，无脊椎动物和鱼类-在墨西哥普埃布拉州的污水处理厂，使用估算程序界面（EPI） Suite™研究了两种处理方案，即等效污水处理厂的当前运行条件和假设的理想运行条件。结果表明，污水处理厂的污水是这些化合物进入水生环境的主要来源。其中，伊维菌素虽然浓度较低（6.17 μg L−1），但潜在生态风险最高，其次是双氯芬酸（25.75 μg L−1）和扑热息痛（132.89 μg L−1）。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 环境科学-环境科学

CiteScore

4.50

自引率

6.90%

发文量

448

审稿时长

2.6 months

期刊介绍： Water, Air, & Soil Pollution is an international, interdisciplinary journal on all aspects of pollution and solutions to pollution in the biosphere. This includes chemical, physical and biological processes affecting flora, fauna, water, air and soil in relation to environmental pollution. Because of its scope, the subject areas are diverse and include all aspects of pollution sources, transport, deposition, accumulation, acid precipitation, atmospheric pollution, metals, aquatic pollution including marine pollution and ground water, waste water, pesticides, soil pollution, sewage, sediment pollution, forestry pollution, effects of pollutants on humans, vegetation, fish, aquatic species, micro-organisms, and animals, environmental and molecular toxicology applied to pollution research, biosensors, global and climate change, ecological implications of pollution and pollution models. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution also publishes manuscripts on novel methods used in the study of environmental pollutants, environmental toxicology, environmental biology, novel environmental engineering related to pollution, biodiversity as influenced by pollution, novel environmental biotechnology as applied to pollution (e.g. bioremediation), environmental modelling and biorestoration of polluted environments. Articles should not be submitted that are of local interest only and do not advance international knowledge in environmental pollution and solutions to pollution. Articles that simply replicate known knowledge or techniques while researching a local pollution problem will normally be rejected without review. Submitted articles must have up-to-date references, employ the correct experimental replication and statistical analysis, where needed and contain a significant contribution to new knowledge. The publishing and editorial team sincerely appreciate your cooperation. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution publishes research papers; review articles; mini-reviews; and book reviews.