Movement characteristics of rock-ice avalanches: Insights from flume tests

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Cold Regions Science and Technology Pub Date : 2025-05-02 DOI:10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104538

Zhiyu Zhang , Darui Liu , Gang Fan , Congjiang Li , Yuxiang Hu , Jiawen Zhou

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Abstract

Rock-ice avalanches, changing temperature, ice melting, entrainment and flow transformation, often lead to secondary disasters, such as landslide dams, in cold mountainous regions. The low friction, flow transformation, and freezing effects of ice debris affect the mobility of rock-ice avalanches. This study employed large-scale flume tests. The results demonstrate a distinct anti-grain order accumulation phenomenon during the deposition of rock avalanches, characterized by larger particles accumulating at the top and finer particles settling at the bottom. Furthermore, the surface of the landslide dam formed by the rock avalanche is entirely composed of ice debris, which depends on the physical properties of the composite. As the ice content in the rock-ice avalanches increases from 0 % to 50 %, both the normal stress and shear stress on the sliding surface exhibit a continuous increase, thereby enhancing their scraping capability. In addition, the friction coefficient of rock-ice avalanches decreases with increasing ice content, where the effectively reduced frictional force during erosion equates to momentum generation. Consequently, more material flows into the riverbed and form a landslide dam. The freezing effect of ice debris effectively reduces particle collisions inside rock-ice avalanches, decreasing energy dissipation and thereby enhancing its mobility. This study provides fundamental insights into the mobility of rock-ice avalanches by investigating the effects of ice content and spatial distribution of rock-ice materials on various physical properties.

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岩冰雪崩的运动特征：水槽试验的启示

在寒冷山区，岩冰雪崩、温度变化、冰融化、夹带和水流变换等常导致滑坡坝等次生灾害的发生。冰屑的低摩擦、流动转化和冻结效应影响着岩冰雪崩的流动性。本研究采用大型水槽试验。结果表明，在岩石雪崩沉积过程中存在明显的反粒序堆积现象，表现为大颗粒顶部堆积，细颗粒底部堆积。此外，由岩崩形成的滑坡坝的表面完全由冰屑组成，这取决于复合材料的物理性质。随着冰含量从0%增加到50%，滑面正应力和剪应力均不断增大，从而增强了其刮擦能力。此外，岩冰雪崩的摩擦系数随冰含量的增加而减小，其中侵蚀过程中有效减小的摩擦力相当于动量的产生。因此，更多的物质流入河床，形成滑坡坝。冰屑的冻结效应有效地减少了岩冰雪崩内部的粒子碰撞，减少了能量耗散，从而增强了岩冰雪崩的流动性。本研究通过研究冰含量和岩石冰材料的空间分布对各种物理性质的影响，为岩石冰雪崩的流动性提供了基本的见解。

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来源期刊

Cold Regions Science and Technology 工程技术-地球科学综合

CiteScore

7.40

自引率

12.20%

发文量

209

审稿时长

4.9 months

期刊介绍： Cold Regions Science and Technology is an international journal dealing with the science and technical problems of cold environments in both the polar regions and more temperate locations. It includes fundamental aspects of cryospheric sciences which have applications for cold regions problems as well as engineering topics which relate to the cryosphere. Emphasis is given to applied science with broad coverage of the physical and mechanical aspects of ice (including glaciers and sea ice), snow and snow avalanches, ice-water systems, ice-bonded soils and permafrost. Relevant aspects of Earth science, materials science, offshore and river ice engineering are also of primary interest. These include icing of ships and structures as well as trafficability in cold environments. Technological advances for cold regions in research, development, and engineering practice are relevant to the journal. Theoretical papers must include a detailed discussion of the potential application of the theory to address cold regions problems. The journal serves a wide range of specialists, providing a medium for interdisciplinary communication and a convenient source of reference.