Rapid screening of illicit drugs in wastewater based on-site automated solid phase extraction and portable mass spectrometry techniques

IF 3.8 2区化学 Q1 BIOCHEMICAL RESEARCH METHODS

Journal of Chromatography A Pub Date : 2025-04-29 DOI:10.1016/j.chroma.2025.466011

Liangming Luo , Chenlu Wang , Yong Wu , Hao Zhang , Feng Xu , Keqi Tang , Jiancheng Yu

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Abstract

Screening for illicit drugs in urban wastewater provides an important tool for monitoring and tracing the use of illicit drugs, increasingly leaning towards on-site detection of wastewater samples. This study established an on-site detection method for three illicit drugs—ketamine (KET), cocaine (COC), and codeine(COD)—in wastewater, based on an automatic solid-phase extraction device and a portable mass spectrometer. After enrichment and purification of samples using HLB solid-phase extraction cartridges, a portable mass spectrometer equipped with a sub-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source was used for quantitative analysis of target drugs in selected ion monitoring mode. The solid-phase extraction conditions and parameters of the subatmospheric pressure chemical ionization source were studied and optimized, and the method was evaluated. The results showed that ketamine, cocaine, and codeine exhibited good linearity (R² > 0.99) within the concentration range of 1∼40 μg/L, with limits of detection (LODs) of 0.30∼0.42 μg/L. The recoveries were between 70.52 % and 118.56 %. This method can be used for on-site rapid screening of illicit drugs in wastewater. Compared to traditional laboratory analysis methods, it reduces sample transportation and storage costs, shortens the detection cycle. Finally, evaluations based on GAPI, AGREE, and BAGI indicators indicated that this method could serve as a green alternative for the screening of illicit drugs in wastewater.

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基于现场自动固相萃取和便携式质谱技术的废水中违禁药物的快速筛选

城市废水中非法药物的筛选为监测和追踪非法药物的使用提供了重要的工具，越来越倾向于对废水样本进行现场检测。本研究建立了一种基于自动固相萃取装置和便携式质谱仪的废水中氯胺酮（KET）、可卡因（COC）和可待因（COD）三种非法药物的现场检测方法。使用HLB固相萃取盒对样品进行富集纯化后，使用配备亚大气压化学电离源的便携式质谱仪，在选定的离子监测模式下对目标药物进行定量分析。对亚大气压化学电离源的固相萃取条件和萃取参数进行了研究和优化，并对该方法进行了评价。结果表明，氯胺酮、可卡因和可待因呈良好的线性关系(R²>；0.99)，浓度范围为1 ~ 40 μg/L，检出限为0.30 ~ 0.42 μg/L。加样回收率在70.52% ~ 118.56%之间。该方法可用于废水中违禁药物的现场快速筛选。与传统的实验室分析方法相比，降低了样品的运输和储存成本，缩短了检测周期。最后，基于GAPI、AGREE和BAGI指标的评价表明，该方法可以作为废水中非法药物筛选的绿色替代方法。

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来源期刊

Journal of Chromatography A 化学-分析化学

CiteScore

7.90

自引率

14.60%

发文量

742

审稿时长

45 days

期刊介绍： The Journal of Chromatography A provides a forum for the publication of original research and critical reviews on all aspects of fundamental and applied separation science. The scope of the journal includes chromatography and related techniques, electromigration techniques (e.g. electrophoresis, electrochromatography), hyphenated and other multi-dimensional techniques, sample preparation, and detection methods such as mass spectrometry. Contributions consist mainly of research papers dealing with the theory of separation methods, instrumental developments and analytical and preparative applications of general interest.