Revolutionizing MXene nanomaterials for hydrogen production and storage: Enhancing catalysis, storage, mechanical integrity, and ecosystem compatibility

Abstract

Hydrogen holds a pivotal role in achieving net-zero emission targets. Serving as an energy carrier, it complements renewable energy sources in meeting clean energy transition goals and mitigating climate change issues. While many nations recognizes the potential of hydrogen, in the current energy scenario, there is an urgent need for rapid advancements in hydrogen production and storage methods. The advancements in hydrogen production and storage must utilize emission-free methods that are both cost-effective and scalable. Hydrogen as a portable power source, faces criticism due to its low volumetric energy density and the safety requirements associated with its storage. To unlock the full potential of hydrogen in the energy sector, it is imperative to address the challenges related to cost-effective, emission-free generation methods and storage options. In recent years, MXene, a two-dimensional material composed of transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, has garnered significant attention. Its excellent mechanical strength and chemical stability make it a promising material for hydrogen production and storage. Previous reviews have predominantly concentrated on either hydrogen production or storage capabilities of MXene; however, a comprehensive review of its potential in both domains is scarce. Understanding the importance and potential of MXene, the present study review the potential, technical barriers, and solutions for using MXene for both hydrogen production and storage. The challenges associated with MXenes, such as scalability of synthesis, environmental stability, limited hydrogen storage capacity, and catalytic efficiency for hydrogen evolution reactions (HER), are critically examined. Additionally, the review discusses MXene's mechanical and thermal properties, advantages, disadvantages, and environmental risks. Notably, it highlights MXene's application as a catalyst for advancing hydrogen production through gasification, thermochemical processes, and hydrocarbon reforming.