The effect of case hardening on the natural preservation of stone monuments, Fraktin monument, Türkiye

IF 3.7 2区工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment Pub Date : 2025-05-03 DOI:10.1007/s10064-025-04323-x

Mustafa Korkanç, İsmail İnce, Mehmet Yavuz Hüseyinca, Mehmet Bahadır Tosunlar, Mehmet Ergün Hatır

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Abstract

Case-hardening processes that develop in monuments reduce the porosity of rocks while increasing surface hardness. This situation may contribute to the transfer of cultural stone heritage markers to future generations by limiting the penetration into the rock structure of water, which is the most destructive agent in atmospheric weathering processes. This study focused on the Fraktin relief monument, which was created by the Hittites in the 13th century BCE by carving into the rock surface. The site was investigated to reveal the case-hardening mechanism and its effects on the physical properties of the rock. The geochemical formation mechanism of the surface-hardening process, which contributed to the survival of the Fraktin relief monument, was examined by use of scanning electron microscope–energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) and analysis by an inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). In addition, the effect of the hardening on the physical properties of the rock was investigated with nondestructive tests applied both in situ and in a laboratory. The SEM-EDS and ICP-MS analyses revealed that amorphous silica filled the pores of the rock and created surface hardening. This situation has increased the geotechnical properties of the unit in which the monument was carved, making it more resistant to atmospheric processes.

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案例硬化对自然保存石碑、弗拉克丁碑、石碑的影响

在纪念物中形成的表层硬化过程减少了岩石的孔隙度，同时增加了表面硬度。这种情况可能有助于通过限制水对岩石结构的渗透来将文化石头遗产标记传递给后代，而水是大气风化过程中最具破坏性的因素。这项研究的重点是公元前13世纪赫梯人在岩石表面雕刻的弗拉克廷浮雕纪念碑。对现场进行了调查，以揭示硬化机制及其对岩石物理性质的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪（SEM-EDS）和电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）分析方法，对Fraktin浮雕石碑表面硬化过程的地球化学形成机制进行了研究。此外，通过现场和实验室的无损试验，研究了硬化对岩石物理特性的影响。SEM-EDS和ICP-MS分析显示，无定形二氧化硅填充了岩石的孔隙，造成了表面硬化。这种情况增加了纪念碑所在单位的岩土力学特性，使其更能抵抗大气过程。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 工程技术-地球科学综合

CiteScore

7.10

自引率

11.90%

发文量

445

审稿时长

4.1 months

期刊介绍： Engineering geology is defined in the statutes of the IAEG as the science devoted to the investigation, study and solution of engineering and environmental problems which may arise as the result of the interaction between geology and the works or activities of man, as well as of the prediction of and development of measures for the prevention or remediation of geological hazards. Engineering geology embraces: • the applications/implications of the geomorphology, structural geology, and hydrogeological conditions of geological formations; • the characterisation of the mineralogical, physico-geomechanical, chemical and hydraulic properties of all earth materials involved in construction, resource recovery and environmental change; • the assessment of the mechanical and hydrological behaviour of soil and rock masses; • the prediction of changes to the above properties with time; • the determination of the parameters to be considered in the stability analysis of engineering works and earth masses.