Monitoring Progression of Diabetic Foot Ulcer—A Phantom Study Using Distributed Sensors and Near Field Microwave Radiometry

IF 4.3 2区综合性期刊 Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

IEEE Sensors Journal Pub Date : 2025-03-18 DOI:10.1109/JSEN.2025.3550724

Jeslin P. Issac;Shabeeb Ahamed Kolaparamban;Kavitha Arunachalam

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Local elevation of plantar surface temperature has been reported as an indicator of diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). In this work, we investigate the feasibility of using near field microwave radiometry (MR) to monitor the progression of DFU. A distributed arrangement of microwave sensors on the plantar surface connected to 2.87 GHz switch-circulator Dicke radiometer is proposed for deep tissue sensing of DFU induced inflammation. The individual sensor is an active near-field patch antenna integrated with a low-noise amplifier. Foot models derived from volunteers were used to determine the sensor locations on plantar surface. Numerical simulations were used to determine the sensing depth and coverage for brightness temperature measurements inside the foot. MR measurements of localized hot source of 12 mm diameter at

$2~^{\circ }$

C above the background temperature indicated

$\gt 1~^{\circ }$

C change in the proximal sensor for hot source at 24 mm depth and

$0.93~^{\circ }$

C–

$1~^{\circ }$

C temperature change at 30 mm depth. Preliminary phantom study suggests that distributed sensing of plantar surface using near-field MR could be used to monitor the progression of DFU deep inside the foot.

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利用分布式传感器和近场微波辐射法监测糖尿病足溃疡的进展

足底表面温度的局部升高已被报道为糖尿病足溃疡（DFU）的一个指标。在这项工作中，我们探讨了使用近场微波辐射测量（MR）来监测DFU进展的可行性。提出了一种分布在足底表面的微波传感器与2.87 GHz开关循环器Dicke辐射计连接，用于DFU诱导炎症的深层组织传感。单个传感器是一个集成了低噪声放大器的有源近场贴片天线。来自志愿者的足模型被用来确定传感器在足底表面的位置。通过数值模拟确定足内亮度温度测量的传感深度和覆盖范围。在背景温度以上$2~^{\circ}$ C处，12mm局部热源的MR测量结果表明，热源近端传感器在24mm深度处温度变化$\gt 1~^{\circ}$ C，在30mm深度处温度变化$0.93~^{\circ}$ C - $1~^{\circ}$ C。初步的幻影研究表明，使用近场MR对足底表面进行分布式传感可用于监测足部深部DFU的进展。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

IEEE Sensors Journal 工程技术-工程：电子与电气

CiteScore

7.70

自引率

14.00%

发文量

2058

审稿时长

5.2 months

期刊介绍： The fields of interest of the IEEE Sensors Journal are the theory, design , fabrication, manufacturing and applications of devices for sensing and transducing physical, chemical and biological phenomena, with emphasis on the electronics and physics aspect of sensors and integrated sensors-actuators. IEEE Sensors Journal deals with the following: -Sensor Phenomenology, Modelling, and Evaluation -Sensor Materials, Processing, and Fabrication -Chemical and Gas Sensors -Microfluidics and Biosensors -Optical Sensors -Physical Sensors: Temperature, Mechanical, Magnetic, and others -Acoustic and Ultrasonic Sensors -Sensor Packaging -Sensor Networks -Sensor Applications -Sensor Systems: Signals, Processing, and Interfaces -Actuators and Sensor Power Systems -Sensor Signal Processing for high precision and stability (amplification, filtering, linearization, modulation/demodulation) and under harsh conditions (EMC, radiation, humidity, temperature); energy consumption/harvesting -Sensor Data Processing (soft computing with sensor data, e.g., pattern recognition, machine learning, evolutionary computation; sensor data fusion, processing of wave e.g., electromagnetic and acoustic; and non-wave, e.g., chemical, gravity, particle, thermal, radiative and non-radiative sensor data, detection, estimation and classification based on sensor data) -Sensors in Industrial Practice