Exploring the structural and electronic properties of fullerenes for advanced photodetectors, diodes, and solar cell applications

Abstract

The structural and electronic properties of fullerenes, particularly C₆₀, have garnered significant interest due to their unique characteristics, making them promising candidates for advanced applications in photodetectors, diodes, and solar cells. Fullerenes, a class of zero-dimensional nanomaterials, exhibit exceptional thermal and electrical conductivity, as well as high tensile strength. Their ability to readily accept and donate electrons positions them as key components in optoelectronic devices. This review explores the functionalization, atomic structure, and morphology of fullerenes, emphasizing their roles in improving charge transfer efficiency and electron mobility in photodetectors, organic photovoltaic cells, and diodes. Recent advancements, such as functionalized fullerene derivatives, have demonstrated substantial improvements in device performance, including enhanced broadband detectivity and near-infrared (NIR) photodetection. Furthermore, developments in hybrid nanomaterials combining fullerenes with other semiconductors, such as PbS nanocrystals, have enabled remarkable gains in responsivity and efficiency. These findings highlight the potential of fullerenes as cost-effective and high-performance alternatives for next-generation optoelectronic applications.