A comprehensive review of advancements in membrane distillation for liquid separation and hazardous contaminant removal: innovations in design, integration, and performance

Abstract

Technical advancements in membrane distillation (MD) present significant opportunities for efficient liquid separation and removal of hazardous contaminants. Advanced MD systems featuring high-performance, nontoxic, and innovative membrane materials with integrated design configurations achieve near-complete rejection of toxic substances from liquid waste. The adoption of renewable energy sources further enhances environmental sustainability and protects ecosystems and human health by effectively eliminating harmful pollutants from water sources. Despite its potential as a sustainable desalination technology, MD faces persistent challenges related to membrane durability and operational constraints, which hinder its wider application in liquid separation. This review aims to deepen the understanding of emerging MD configurations and their applications in liquid separation, resource recovery, toxic textile effluent treatment, and removal of other hazardous contaminants, as well as to highlight advancements in membrane fabrication, modification, and integration. Emphasis is placed on next-generation MD systems, including high-performance membranes, novel materials, optimized designs, fouling mitigation strategies, and enhanced energy efficiency. The contributions of innovative polymers and eco-friendly solvents to membrane performance and sustainability are also emphasized. In addition, this review explores the prevailing challenges and pathways to optimize advanced MD systems for efficient and sustainable liquid separation and resource recovery.