Lack of social interaction advantage: A domain-general cognitive alteration in schizophrenia

Abstract

People with schizophrenia (PSZ) showed preserved ability to unconsciously process simple social information (e.g., face and gaze), but not in higher-order cognition (e.g., memory). It is yet unknown how PSZ process social interactions across different cognitive domains. This study systematically investigated the cognitive characteristics of PSZ during social interaction processing from bottom-up perception to top-down memory, and established correlations with schizophrenic symptoms. In two experiments, social interactions were consistently displayed by face-to-face or back-to-back dyads. Experiment 1 enrolled 30 PSZ and 30 healthy control subjects (HCS) with a breaking continuous flash suppression (b-CFS) paradigm. Experiment 2 recruited 36 PSZ and 36 HCS for two memory tasks, wherein participants restored the between-model distance (working memory task) and recalled the socially bound pairs (long-term memory task). Results indicated that HCS showed advantageous processing of socially interactive stimuli against non-interactive stimuli throughout two experiments, including faster access to visual consciousness, closer spatial distance held in working memory and higher recollection accuracy in long-term memory. However, PSZ did not show any of these advantages, with significant interaction effects for all three tasks (task one: p = .018, η_p² = .092; task two: p = .021, η_p² = .074; task three: p = .015, η_p² = .082). Moreover, correlation analyses indicated that PSZ with more severe negative symptoms (r = −.344, p = .040) or higher medication dosages (r = −.334, p = .046) showed fewer advantages in memorizing socially interactive information. Therefore, social interaction is not prioritized in schizophrenia from bottom-up perception to top-down memory, and the magnitude of such a domain-general cognitive alteration is clinically relevant to symptom severity and medication.